rs.  Merchants,  Mechanics 
and  HousewiTCS  lH 


$ Trust  & Savings 

OF  CHAMPAIGN,  ILU 


Capital 


UNDER  STATE 

vaas  M-.-U I I I ■ ■■  


gT'teBNEW*’  1 

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*^R£V1SC0  to  DATE  . 

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uLiij^K^  Facility 


JANUARY 


s 

M 

T W 

T 

F 

8 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

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18 

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SI 

22 

28 

24 

85 

26 

27 

88 

29 

80 

31 

FEBRUARY 


1 

2 

8 

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6 

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7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

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17 

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MARCH 


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8 

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8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

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19 

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28 

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81 

APRIL 


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MAY 


8 

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8 

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18 

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31 

JUNE 

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JULY 

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AUGUST 

1 

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18 

14 

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17 

IS 

19 

20 

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30 

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JS±. 

25 

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29 

SEPTEMBER 


8 

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OCTOBER 

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18 

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NOVEMBER 

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DECEMBER 

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1914 


cz\ 

A^^XO 


INDEX 


Acknowledgment  of  Deeds...  17 

Amount  of  Seed  Per  Acre 12 

Area  of  United  States 43 

Armed  Strength  of  the 

World  64 

Brick  Required  for  Build- 
ings   ..34 

Cistern  Capacity  7 

Comparative  Yield  of  Grains, 

Etc 7 

Compound  Interest  Tables...  11 
Consumption  of  Liquors. 

Etc 29 

Corn  Cribs,  Capacity  of 9 

Cotton  Crop  of  U.  S 62 

Dairy  Products  of  U.  S 28 

Dairy,  The  55 

Denominations,  Religious 42 

Distances  for  Planting 13 

Domestic  Animals  in  U.  S....21 

Electoral  Vote,  The 49 

Farming  Facts  48 

Farm  Productions  in  U.  S....59 

Fisheries  in  U.  S 47 

Foreign  Born  Population.  ..  .18 

Grain  Statistics  60 

Help  in  Case  of  Accidents. ..  .31 

Hog  Products  60 

Immigration  Into  U.  S 47 

Improving  Butter  55 

Income  Tax  4 

Index  1 

Interest  Laws 56 

Lands,  Public,  in  U.  S 45 

Largest  Cities  of  the  Earth..  10 

Largest  Cities  in  U.  S 58 

Law  of  Contracts  29 

Legal  Don’ts  16 

Legal  Holidays  39 

Legal  Points  14 

Manufacturers  in  U.  S 57 

Material  and  Labor  3 4 


Measuring  Timber  8 

Memorable  Dates  63 

Metal  Production  20 

Mineral  Products  24 

Naturalization  Laws  35 

Number  of  Pounds  to  the 

Bushel  5 

Paint  Required  35 

Parcels  Post  2 

Pasturing  Hogs  50 

Petroleum  and  Gas  in  U.  S...48 

Plants  Per  Acre  12 

Percentage  of  Feed  Units.... 25 

Population  of  U.  S 21 

Postage  Rates  32 

Presidents  of  U.  S 51 

Principal  Cereal  Crops 22 

Production  of  Coal  in  U.  S..27 
Promissory  Notes  & Checks 

25 

Religious  Statistics  43 

Result  of  Savings  6 

Rotation  of  Crops  6 

Rules  for  Compu-ting  Inter- 
est   6 

Salt  Production  in  U.  S 23 

School  and  College  Enroll- 
ment   13 

Simple  Interest  Table  61 

States  Admitted  to  Union.... 46 

Statistics  of  Wool  62 

Sugar  Production  25 

Thirteen  Original  States 47 

Time  in  Which  Money  Dou- 
bles   8 

Tobacco,  Production  of  23 

Useful  Information  19 

Wealth  of  Nations  11 

Weather  Bureau  Forecasts.  .54 

Weighing  Haystack  35 

Weights  and  Measures  52 

Wheat  Prices  Chicago  Mar- 
ket   62 


Published  and  For  Sale  By 

ITEMS  OF  INTEREST  GO. 

ST.  JOSEPH,  MISSOURI 


2 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


Parcels  Post  Package  Rates 


Size  of  Parcel  Post  Packages  not  to  exceed  in  combined  girth  and 
height  72  inches. 

Effective  January  1,  1914,  limit  of  weight  of  packages  increased  to 
50  pounds  within  the  first  and  second  zones  and  to  20  pounds  within 
the  remaining  six  zones. 


Rates. 

Local — 5c  for  first  pound  and  Ic  for  each  additional  2 pounds  or 
fraction  thereof. 

First  and  Second  Zones — 5c  for  first  pound  and  Ic  for  each  addi- 
tional 1 pound  or  fraction. 

Third  Zone — 6c  for  first  pound  and  2c  for  each  additional  1 pound 
or  fraction. 

Fourth  Zone — 7c  for  first  pound  and  4c  for  each  additional  1 
pound  or  fraction. 

Fifth  Zone — 8c  for  first  pound  and  6c  for  each  additional  1 pound 
or  fraction. 

Sixth  Zone — 9c  for  first  pound  and  8c  for  each  additional  1 pound 
or  fraction. 

Seventh  Zone — 11c  for  first  pound  and  10c  for  each  additional  1 
pound  or  fraction. 

Eighth  Zone — 12c  for  first  pound  and  12c  for  each  additional  1 
pound  or  fraction. 

The  primary  fact  of  the  Parcels  Post  is  that  the  Postoffice  De- 
partment undertakes  to  carry  all  packages  offered  to  it  in  weight  under 
50  pounds  for  the  first  and  second  zones  and  under  20  pounds  for  the 
remaining  zones,  and  less  than  72  inches  in  girth  and  length — the  size 
is  determined  by  taking  a string  six  feet  long  and  passing  it  around 
the  girth  of  the  package  and  then  lengthwise  on  top — at  a special 
rate  of  postage,  governed  by  the  distance.  There  are  nine  sets  of 
rates  governed  by  weight— a local  rate  and  eight  zones. 

The  local  rate  will  most  concern  those  making  use  of  the  Parcels 
Post,  and  it  is  designed  to  benefit  chiefly  local  merchants  and  farmers, 
and,  consequently,  their  customers.  By  this  rate  packages  may  be 
mailed  within  the  local  postoffice  boundaries,  including  city  and  rural 
carrier  routes,  at  the  rate  of  5 cents  for  the  first  pound  and  1 cent  for 
each  additional  25  pounds. 

Thus  a merchant  can  deliver  to  persons  getting  mail  from  his  post- 
office  cheaper  than  any  other  merchant,  or  a farmer  can  deliver  eggs, 
butter,  dressed  poultry  or  vegetables  or  anything  else  that  he  may 
raise  on  his  farm  to  persons  living  in  the  town  of  which  his  rural 
route  is  a part  at  a lower  rate  than  a farmer  living  on  a route  that 
comes  from  a neighboring  town. 

The  basis  of  the  rate  making  was  reached  by  dividing  the  entire 
country  into  units  as  marked  on  ordinary  maps  by  longitude  and  lati- 
tude lines,  each  unit  being  30  minutes  square,  or  practically  31  miles 
nprth  and  south  by  27  miles  east  and  west.  There  are  about  3,500  of 
these  units  and  all  towns  within  each  unit  measure  distances  from 
the  center  of  that  unit. 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


3 


“Perishable”  Articles  So  Marked. 

Parcels  containing  perishable  articles  must  be  marked  “Perish- 
able.” Articles  likely  to  spoil  within  the  time  reasonably  required  for 
transportation  and  delivery  must  not  be  accepted  for  mailing. 

Butter,  lard  and  perishable  articles,  such  as  fish,  fresh  meats, 
dressed  fowls,  vegetables,  fruits,  berries  and  articles  of  a similar  na- 
ture which  decay  quickly,  when  so  packed  or  wrapped  as  to  prevent 
damage  to  other  mail  matter,  will  be  accepted  for  local  delivery  either 
at  the  office  of  mailing  or  on  any  rural  route  starting  therefrom. 
When  inclosed  in  an  inner  cover  and  a strong  outer  cover  of  wood, 
metal,  heavy  corrugated  pasteboard,  or  other  suitable  material,  and 
wrapped  so  that  nothing  can  escape  from  the  package,  they  will  be 
accepted  for  mailing  to  all  offices  within  the  first  zone. 

Butter,  lard  or  any  admissible  greasy  or  oily  substance,  when  in- 
tended for  delivery  at  offices  beyond  the  first  zone,  must  be  packed 
in  safe  containers,  so  that  nothing  can  escape.  Vegetables  and  fruits 
which  do  not  decay  quickly  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  to  any  zone 
if  packed  so  as  to  prevent  damage  to  other  mail  matter. 


How  to  Ship  Eggs. 

Eggs  will  be  accepted  for  local  delivery*  when  so  packed  in  a 
basket  or  other  container  as  to  prevent  damage  to  other  mailing  re- 
gardless of  distance  when  each  egg  is  wrapped  separately  and  sur- 
rounded with  excelsior,  cotton  or  other  suitable  material  and  packed 
in  a container  made  of  double  corrugated  pasteboard,  metal,  wood  or 
other  suitable  material  in  such  manner  as  to  place  each  egg  on  its 
end  and  to  prevent  them  from  striking  together  or  against  an  outer 
cover  of  double  corrugated  pasteboard,  metal,  wood  or  other  suitable 
material  and  wrapped  so  that  nothing  can  escape  from  the  package. 
All  such  parcels  must  be  labelled  “Eggs.” 

Seeds,  cuttings,  bulbs,  roots,  scions  and  plants  will  be  permitted  in 
the  parcels  post  mails  under  regulations  as  to  size  and  weight  appli- 
cable to  other  parcels  post  packages,  but  at  the  rate  of  postage  of  1 
cent  an  ounce  or  fraction  of  an  ounce  for  any  domestic  destination. 
Those  weighing  over  four  ounces  are  subject  to  the  rates  stated  in  the 
pound  table. 

The  new  classification  transfers  bulbs  from  third  class  to  parcels 
post  matter.  Otherwise  nothing  from  the  third  class  will  be  permitted 
in  the  parcels  mail.  Effective  March  16,  1914,  books  will  take  the  fol- 
lowing rate  of  postage:  Weighing  8 ounces  or  less,  Ic  for  each  2 

ounces  or  fraction.  Weighing  over  8 ounces  books  will  take  the  zone 
rate  for  merchandise.  Farm  and  factory  products  other  than  those  al- 
ready specified  will  be  carried  as  parcels  under  regulations  to  be  an- 
nounced. 

Merchandise  weighing  4 ounces  or  under  will  take  the  rate  of  Ic 
per  ounce.  Weighing  over  4 ounces  merchandise  will  take  the  zone 
rate  per  pound  or  fraction. 


4 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


The  flat  postage  rate  for  all  distances,  to  which  the  public  has 
been  accustomed,  has  no  place  in  the  parcels  post  system  except  for 
shipments  of  more  than  1,800  miles,  which  will  cost  12  cents  a pound. 
For  lesser  distances  each  locality  must  figure  out  zones  from  the 
center  of  its  own  unit  area.  There  will  be  the  widest  possible  geo- 
graphical variations.  The  department  will  supply  each  parcel  post- 
office  in  each  of  the  fixed  units  with  maps  which  in  circles  of  red  ink 
mark  the  zone  boundaries  of  such  unit. 

With  the  advent  of  parcels  post  all  matter  carried  heretofore  in 
the  mails  as  fourth  class  will  go  as  parcels,  abandoning  the  old  class 
designation.  Such  matter  will  not  hereafter  be  received  as  registered 
mail,  but  it  may  be  insured  for  safe  delivery.  Fourth  class  registered 
matter  carried  liability  for  $25.  As  parcels  post  matter  it  may  be  in- 
sured for  $50.  The  change  in  law  will  not  materially  affect  the  cost 
to  the  shipper.  Insurance  will  cost  10  cents  to  the  $50  limit. 

THE  INCOME  TAX. 

On  or  before  the  first  day  of  March,  1914,  and  the  first  day  of 
March  in  each  year  thereafter  a true  and  accurate  return,  under  oath 
or  affirmation,  shall  be  made  by  each  person  of  lawful  age,  subject  to 
the  tax  imposed,  and  having  a net  income  of  $3,000  or  over  for  the  tax- 
able year,  to  the  collector  of  internal  revenue  for  the  district  in  which 
such  person  resides  or  has  his  principal  place  of  business,  or,  in  the 
case  of  a person  residing  in  a foreign  country,  in  the  place  where  his 
principal  business  is  carried  on  within  the  United  States,  in  such  form 
as  the  commissioner  of  internal  revenue,  with  the  approval  of  the  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury,  shall  prescribe,  setting  forth  specifically  the 
gross  amount  of  income  from  all  separate  sources  and  from  the  total 
thereof,  deducting  the  aggregate  items  or  expenses  and  allowance  au- 
thorized. 

The  above-named  act  imposes  a tax  of  1 per  centum  (designated  as 
the  normal  tax)  on  net  incomes  arising  or  accruing  from  all  sources 
during  the  preceding  calendar  year  to: 

(a)  Every  citizen  of  the  United  States,  whether  residing  at  home 
or  abroad;  and 

(b)  Every  person  residing  in  the  United  States,  though  not  a 
citizen  thereof;  and 

(c)  From  all  property  owned  and  from  every  business,  trade  or 
profession  carried  on  in  the  United  States  by  a person  residing  else- 
where. 

It  also  imposes  an  additional  tax  on  all  net  incomes  of  individuals 
exceeding  $20,000,  as  follows: 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


5 


One  per  cent  on  incomes  exceeding  $20,000  and  not  exceeding  $50,- 

000. 

Two  per  cent  on  incomes  exceeding  $50,000  and  not  exceeding 
$75,000. 

Three  per  cent  on  incomes  exceeding  $75,000  and  not  exceeding 

$100,000. 

Four  per  cent  on  incomes  exceeding  $100,000  and  not  exceeding 
$250,000. 

Five  per  cent  on  incomes  exceeding  $250,000  and  not  exceeding 
$500,000. 

Six  per  cent  on  incomes  exceeding  $500,000. 

The  net  income  shall  consist  of  the  total  gains,  profits  and  in- 
come derived  from  all  sources.  If,  however,  the  normal  tax  has  been 
deducted  and  withheld  on  any  part  of  the  income  at  the  source,  or  if 
any  part  of  the  income  is  received  as  dividends  upon  the  stock  or  from 
the  net  earnings  of  any  corporation,  etc.,  which  is  taxable  upon  its  net 
income,  such  income  shall  be  deducted  from  the  individual’s  total  net 
income  for  the  purpose  of  calculating  the  amount  of  income  on  which 
the  individual  is  liable  for  the  normal  tax  of  1 per  cent. 

That,  subject  only  to  such  exemptions  and  deductions  as  are  al- 
lowed, the  net  income  of  a taxable  person  shall  include  gains,  profits 
and  income  derived  from  salaries,  wages  or  compensation  for  personal 
service  of  whatever  kind  and  in  whatever  form  paid,  or  from  profes- 
sions, vocations,  businesses,  trade,  commerce  or  sales,  or  dealings  in 
property,  whether  real  or  personal,  growing  out  of  the  ownership  or 
use  of  or  interest  in  real  or  personal  property;  also  from  interest,  rent, 
dividends,  securities,  or  the  transaction  of  any  lawful  business  carried 
on  for  gain  or  profit,  or  gains  or  profits  and  income  derived 
from  any  source  whatever,  including  the  income  from  but  not  the 
value  of  property  acquired  by  gift,  bequest,  devise  or  descent;  Pro- 
vided, That  the  proceeds  of  life  insurance  policies  paid  upon  the  death 
of  the  person  insured  or  payments  made  by  or  credited  to  the  insured 
on  life  insurance,  endowment  or  annuity  contracts,  upon  the  return 
thereof  to  the  insured  at  the  maturity  of  the  term  mentioned  in  the 
contract,  or  upon  surrender  of  contract,  shall  not  be  included  as  in- 


come. 


6 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


ROTATION  OF  CROPS. 

Rotation  of  crops  will*  do  more  to  keep  away 
the  pests  that  destroy  your  corn  field  than  any 
other  method  now  known.  The  loss  from  these 
causes  each  year  are  beyond  belief,  when  a little 
care  and  effort  would  avoid  the  greater  part  of 
same.  After  the  enemy  has  taken  possession  of 
the  corn  field  we  can  do  but  little  in  the  way  of 
ridding  the  field  of  them,  and  it  is  the  old  quota- 
tion of  prevention  being  better  than  a cure. 

Continuous  cropping  of  the  same  thing  year 
after  year  is  contrary  to  common  sense,  and  the 
practical  farmers  of  today  are  learning  the  lesson. 
It  means  dependence  upon  one  crop,  poor  soil  and 
a poor  condition  of  that  soil,  and  consequently 
poor  crops.  Corn  continuously  grown  on  the  same 
ground  is  almost  always  damaged  by  the  corn  root 
worm,  and  generally  also  by  the  corn  root  louse. 
Pasture  and  especially  meadow  ground,^  if  left 
down  for  more  than  two  years,  becomes  a veritable 
breeding  ground  for  grubs,  bill  bugs,  stalkborers, 
cut  worms,  wire  worms,  etc.  Experiments  show 
that  as  a rule  there  is  little  damage  where  crops 
are  rotated  as  corn  one  year,  oats  one  year,  and 
clover  one  year,  following  again  by  com.  Every 
rotation  in  the  corn  belt  should  have  clover  in  it. 

RULES  FOR  COMPUTING  INTEREST. 

At  2 per  cent  multiply  the  principal  by  the 
number  of  days  to  run  to  and  divide  by  180. 

3 per  cent  multiply  as  above  and  divide  by  120. 

4 per  cent  multiply  as  above  and  divide  by  90. 

5 per  cent  multiply  as  above  and  divide  by  72. 

6 per  cent  multiply  as  above  and  divide  by  60. 

7 per  cent  multiply  as  above  and  divide  by  51.43 

8 per  cent  multiply  as  above  and  divide  by  45. 

9 per  cent  multiply  as  above  and  divide  by  40. 

10  per  cent  multiply  as  above  and  divide  by  36 

RESULTS  OP  SAVING  SMALL  AMOUNTS  OP 
MONEY. 

The  following  shows  how  easy  it  is  to  accumu- 
late a fortune,  provided  proper  steps  are  taken.  The 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST  7 


table  shows  what  would  be  the  result  at  the  end  of 
fifty  years  by  saving  a certain  amount  each  day 
and  putting  it  at  interest  at  the  rate  of  6 per  cent: 
Daily  savings.  The  result. 

One  cent  $ 950 

Two  cents 9,504 

Twenty  cents  19,006 

Thirty  cents  28,512 

Forty  cents 38,015 

Fifty  cents  47,520 

Sixty  cents 57,024 

Seventy  cents  66,528 

Eighty  cents 76,032 

Ninety  cents 85,537 

One  dollar 95,041 

Five  dollars  475,208 


Nearly  every  person  wastes  enough  in  twenty  or 
thirty  years,  which,  if  saved  and  carefully  invested, 
would  make  a family  quite  independent;  but  the 
principle  of  small  savings  has  been  lost  sight  of  in 
the  general  desire  to  become  wealthy. 

COMPARATIVE  YIELD  OP  VARIOUS  GRAINS; 
VEGETABLES  AND  PRIDTS. 


Hops  .... 

Lbs.  per  acre 
442 

Lbs.  per  acre 
Grass  7,000 

Wheat  . . . 

1 260 

Carrots  

. 6,800 

Barley  . . . 

1 600 

Potatoes 

. 7,500 

Oats 

1,840 

Apples  

. 8,000 

Peas 

1 920 

Turnips  

. 8,420 

Beans  

2 000 

Clinque  foil  grass, 

. 9,600 

Plums  . . . 

2,000 

Vetches,  green  . . , 

. 9,800 

Cherries  . 

2 000 

Cabbage  

.10,900 

Onions  . . . 

2 800 

Parsnips 

.11,200 

Hay  

4 000 

Mangel  Wurzel  . 

.22,000 

Pears  . . . . 

5 000 

CISTERN  CAPACITY. 

A cistern  ten  feet  in  diameter  and  nine  feet  deep 
will  hold  168  barrels. 

A cistern  five  feet  in  diameter  will  hold  five  and 
two-thirds  barrels  for  every  foot  in  depth. 

A cistern  six  feet  in  diameter  will  hold  six  and 
three-fourths  barrels  for  every  foot  in  depth. 


8 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


A cistern  eight  feet  in  diameter  will  hold  nearly 
twelve  barrels  for  every  foot  in  depth. 

A cistern'nine  feet  in  diameter  will  hold  fifteen 
and  one-half  barrels  for  every  foot  in  depth. 

A cistern  ten  feet  in  diameter  will  hold  eighteen 
and  three-eighths  barrels  for  every  foot  in  depth. 

TIME  AT  WHICH  MONEY  DOUBLES 
AT  INTEREST. 


Rate  per 

cent. 

Simple  Interest. 

Compound  Interest. 

10  . . . 

.10 

years  

...  7 

years 

100 

days 

9 ... 

.11 

years  40  days . . . 

..  8 

years 

16 

days 

8 ... 

.12V2 

years  

...  9 

years 

2 

days 

7 ... 

.14 

years  104  days . . 

...10 

years 

89 

days 

6 . . . 

.16 

years  8 months . . 

...11 

years 

327 

days 

5 ... 

.20 

years  

...15 

years 

75 

days 

4 . .. 

.22 

years  81  days... 

...15 

years 

273 

days 

'4  . . . 

.25 

years  

...17 

years 

246 

days 

31/2... 

.28 

years  208  days . 

...20 

years 

54 

days 

3 ... 

.33 

years  4 months . 

...23 

years 

164 

days 

21/2... 

.40 

years  

...28 

years 

26 

days 

,2  ... 

.50 

years  

..35 

years 

1 

day 

TO  MEASURE  TIMBER. 

For  five-inch  multiply  five-twelfths  of  the 
length  by  the  width. 

For  six-inch  timber  multiply  one-half  the  length 
by  the  breadth. 

For  seven-inch  timben  multiply  seven-twelfths 
the  length  by  the  breadth. 

For  eight-inch  lumber  multiply  two-thirds  the 
length  by  the  breadth. 

For  nine-inch  lumber,  multiply  three-fourths  the 
length  by  the  breadth. 

For  ten-inch  lumber,  multiply  eleven-twelfths 
the  length  by  the  breadth. 

For  twelve-inch  lumber,  multiply  the  length  by 
the  breadth. 

For  battens,  or  two  and  a half  inch  plank  mul- 
tiply five  twenty-fourths  the  length  by  the  breadth. 

P.  S.The  above  rules  give  the  contents  in  feet 
of  board  measure. 


CAPACITY  OF  CORN  CRIBS 
(Height,  10  Feet). 


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10  ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


LARGEST  CITIES  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Cities — Population 

London 6,581,372 

New  York  4,766,883 

Paris  2,763,393 

Chicago 2,185,283 

Tokio,  Japan 2,168,151 

Vienna  2,085,888 

Berlin 2,040,148 

St.  Petersburg  1,678,000 

Canton 1,600,000 

Pekin  1,600,000 

Philadelphia  1,549,008 

Moscow 1,359,254 

Buenos  Aju*es  1,246,532 

Constantinople  1,125,000 

Osaka 1,117,151 

Calcutta  1,026,987 

Shanghai 1,000,000 

Rio  de  Janeiro 811,265 

Hamburg  802,793 

Bombay 776,006 

Warsaw  756,426 

Glasgow  735,906 

Buda-Pesth  732,322 

Liverpool  702,247 

St.  Louis 687,029 

Boston  670,585 

Cairo,  Egypt 654,476 

Brussels  612,401 

Manchester,  England  606,751 

Bangkok 600,000 

Munich 595,053 

Leipzig  585,743 

Naples 563,541 

Cleveland 560,663 

Baltimore 558,483 

Amsterdam 557,614 

Madrid  539,835 

Pittsburgh  533,905 

Barcelona 533,090 

Birmingham,  England 522,182 

Marseilles 517,498 

Dresden 516,996 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


11 


Madras  509,346 

Melborne  496,079 

Milan  491,460 

Sydney  481,830 

Copenhagen 476,806 

Lyons  472,114 

Breslau  470,904 

Detroit 465,766 


WEALTH  OF  NATIONS. 

These  are  the  latest  estimates: 

United  States $125,000,000,000 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  70,000,000,000 

France  45,000,000,000 

Germany  45,500,000,000 

Russia  35,000,000,000 

Austria-Hungary  20,000,000,000 

Italy $ 15,000,000,000 

Belgium  7,000,000,000 

Spain  5,400,000,000 

Netherlands 5,000,000,000 

Portugal  2,500,000,000 

Switzerland  2,400,000,000 

COMPOUND  INTEREST  TABLE. 
Compound  interest  on  $1  for  100  years. 


>anount. 
.71 

Years. 
...100  . 

Per  Cent. 
1 ... 

Accumulation. 

. ..$  2.70,5 

1 

...100  . 

2 ... 

7.24,5 

1 

...100  . 

. . . .V  21/2. . . 

11.81,4 

1 

...100  . 

3 ... 

19.21,8 

1 

...100  . 

3V2... 

31.19,1 

1 

...100  . 

4 ... 

50.50,4 

1 

...100  . 

41/2... 

81.58,9 

1 

...100  . 

5 ... 

131.50,1 

1 

...100  . 

6 ... 

339.30,5 

1 

. . . 100  . 

7 ... 

867.72,1 

1 

. . . 100  . 

8 ... 

2,199.78,4 

1 

...100  . 

9 ... 

5,529,04,4 

1 

...100  . 

10  ... 

13,780.66, 

1 

. . . 100  . 

11  ... 

34,064.34,6 

1 

. . . 100  . 

12  ... 

83,521.82,7 

1 

. . . 100  . 

15  ... 

1,174,302.40, 

1 

. . . 100  . 

18  ... 

15,424,106.40, 

1 

...100  . 

24  ... 

. ..  2,198,720,200.00, 

12 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


NUMBER  OF  SHRUBS  OR  PLANTS  FOR  AN 
ACRE. 


Diat.  Apart 

No.  Plants 

P Diet.  Apart  No.  Plants 

3 

x3  inches 

696,960 

6 

x6 

feet  1 

1,210 

4 

x4  inches 

392,040 

61/2x61/2 

feet  1 

1,031 

6 

x6  inches 

174,240 

7 

x7 

feet  1 

881 

9 

x9  inches 

77,440 

8 

x8 

feet  1 

680 

1 

xl 

foot 

43,560 

9 

x9 

feet  1 

537 

ivoxiy. 

feet 

19,360 

10 

xlO 

feet  1 

435 

2 

xl 

feet 

21,780 

11 

xll 

feet  1 

360 

2 

x2 

feet 

10,890 

12 

xl2 

feet  1 

302 

W2^V2 

feet 

6,960 

13 

xl3 

feet  1 

257 

3 

xl 

foot 

14,620 

14 

xl4 

feet  1 

222 

3 

x2 

feet 

7,260 

15 

xl5 

feet  1 

193 

3 

x3 

feet 

4,840 

16 

xl6 

feet  1 

170 

3V2X3V2 

feet 

3,555 

I6I/2XI61/2  feet 

160 

4 

xl 

feet 

10,890 

17 

xl7 

feet 

150 

4 

x2 

feet 

5,445 

18 

xl8 

feet 

134 

4 

x3 

feet 

3,630 

19 

xl9 

feet 

120 

4 

x4 

feet 

2,722 

20 

x20 

feet 

108 

41/2x41/2 

feet 

2,151 

25 

x25 

feet 

69 

5 

xl 

feet 

3,712 

30 

x30 

feet 

48 

5 

x2 

feet 

4,356 

33 

x33 

feet 

40 

5 

x3 

feet 

2,904 

40 

x40 

feet 

27 

5 

x4 

feet 

2,178 

50 

x50 

feet 

17 

5 

x5 

feet 

1,742 

60 

x60 

feet 

12 

51/2x5% 

feet 

1,417 

66 

x66 

feet 

10 

AMOUNT  OF  SEED  REQUIRED  PER  ACRE. 

Following  is  the  quantity  of  seed  of  various 
kinds  required  to  plant  an  acre;  20  quarts  beans, 
pole,  lima,  4x4  feet;  10  quarts  beans,  Carolina,  pro- 
lific, 4x3  feet;  10  quarts  corn,  sugar;  8 quarts  corn, 
field;  20  quarts  flax,  broadcast;  6 quarts  timothy, 
with  clover;  10  quarts  timothy,  without  clover;  25 
quarts  orchard  grass;  28  quarts  blue  grass;  8,000 
asparagus  plants,  4x1  feet;  25,000  celery  plants, 
4x%  feet;  3,800  tomato  plants;  2^2  bushels  of  bar- 
ley; 1%  bushels  of  bush  beans  in  drills  2%  feet 
apart;  1%  to  two  bushels  of  peas;  8 bushels  of  po- 
tatoes; 1%  bushels  of  rye,  drilled;  1^  bushels  of 
wheat,  in  drills;  9 pounds  of  beets,  drilled;  12 
pounds  of  broom  corn,  drilled;  16  pounds  of  red 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


13 


clover;  12  pounds  of  red  clover,  with  timothy;  35 
pounds  of  lawn  grass;  50  pounds  of  onions  in  beds 
for  sets ; 7 pounds  of  onions  in  rows  for  large  bulbs ; 
3 pounds  of  turnips,  broadcast. 

SUITABLE  DISTANCES  FOR  PLANTING. 


Apples — Standard  25  to  35  feet  apart  each  way 

Apples — Dwarf  (bushes)  10  feet  apart  each  way 

Pears — Standard  16  to  20  feet  apart  each  way 

Pears — Dwarf  10  feet  apart  each  way 

Cherries — Standard  ....  18  to  20  feet  apart  each  way 
Cherries  — Dukes  and 

Morrellos  16  to  18  feet  apart  each  way 

Plums — Standard  ......  16  to  20  feet  apart  each  way 

Peaches  16  to  18  feet  apart  each  way 

Apricots  16  to  18  feet  apart  each  way 

Nectarines  16  to  18  feet  apart  each  way 

Quinces  10  to  12  feet  apart  each  way 

Currants  3 to  4 feet  apart  each  way 

Gooseberries  3 to  4 feet  apart  each  way 

Raspberries  ; . . 3 to  5 feet  apart  each  way 

Blackberries  6 to  7 feet  apart  each  way 

Grapes 8 to  12  feet  apart  each  way 


To  estimate  the  number  of  plants  required  for 
an  acre,  at  any  given  distance,  multiply  the  dis- 
tance between  the  rows  by  the  distance  between  the 
plants,  which  will  give  the  number  of  square  feet 
allotted  to  each  plant,  and  divide  the  number  of 
square  feet  in  an  acre  (43,560)  by  this  number.  The 
quotient  will  be  the  number  of  plants  required. 

SCHOOL  AND  COLLEGE  ENROLLMENT  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 

Elementary  (primary  and  grammar) 17,800,000 

Secondary  (high  schools  and  academies) . 1,034,827 


Universities  and  colleges  183,344 

Professional  schools 65,783 

Normal  schools 82,288 

City  evening  schools  379,052 

Business  schools 146,288 

Reform  schools 39,877 

Schools  for  deaf 12,771 

Schools  for  blind 4,413 

Schools  for  feeble-minded 18,476 


14 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


Government  Indian  schools 31,463 

Alaska  schools,  supported  by  gov 3,738 

Alaska  schools,  supported  by  inc.  mun 4,500 

Orphan  asylums  and  other  benevolent  in- 
stitutions   15,000 

Private  kindergartens 106,000 

Miscellaneous  (art,  music,  etc.) 50,000 

Total  for  United  States 19,977,820 


LEGAL  POINTS  OF  GENERAL  INTEREST. 

Does  the  dating  of  commercial  paper  on  Sun- 
day affect  its  validity  in  any  state? 

Ans. : Dating  of  commercial  paper  on  Sunday 
does  not  affect  its  validity;  the  time  of  delivery  of 
paper  is  when  the  instrument  takes  effect,  and  it 
may  take  effect  as  of  a previous  day,  which  may 
be  Sunday.  If  delivered  on  Sunday,  whether  dated 
on  such  day  or  not,  only  in  states  where  statutes  pro- 
hibit making  of  contracts  on  Sunday,  the  instrument' 
is  void  in  hands  of  holders  with  knowledge;  with- 
out such  statute  contract  is  enforcable,  as  at  com- 
mon law  contracts  so  made  were  valid.  However, 
it  is  always  best  so  to  make  contracts  that  no  ques- 
tion may  be  raised. 

What  are  damages  on  dishonored  bills  of  ex- 
change in  different  states? 

Ans. : General  rule  is  that  holder  of  foreign  bill 
may  recover  amount  of  bill,  except  in  states  where 
rule  is  modified  by  statute,  viz.:  Alabama,  5 per 

cent;  Arkansas,  10  per  cent  per  annum;  Colorado, 
10  per  cent;  Florida,  5 per  cent;  Idaho,  various; 
Oklahoma,  10  per  cent  per  annum;  Kansas,  6 per 
cent;  Kentucky,  10  per  cent  per  annum;  Massa- 
chusetts, various;  Michigan,  3,  5 or  10  per  cent; 
Mississippi,  5 per  cent  and  interest;  Missouri,  4 per 
cent  on  inland  and  10  and  20  per  cent  on  foreign; 
North  Dakota,  various;  South  Carolina,  10  and 
12%  per  cent  or  15  per  cent ; South  Dakota,  various ; 
Texas,  10  per  cent;  Virginia,  3 or  10  per  cent;  West 
Virginia,  same  as  Virginia;  Wisconsin,  5 per  cent. 

When  is  protest  proper? 

Ans. : Foreign  bills  must  be  protested  in  case  of 
dishonor  by  non-acceptance  as  well  as  by  non-pay- 
ment ; in  order  to  charge  drawer  and  endorsers.  In 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


15 


New  Jersey  inland  bills  must  also  be  protested,  and 
in  South  Carolina  inland  bills  for  $100  or  more ; oth- 
erwise inland  bills  need  not  be  protested,  but  may 
be;  general  safe  practice  is  to  protest  all  bills.  A 
bill  is  foreign  if  drawn  in  one  state  and  payable  in 
another  state  or  nation;  it  is  an  inland  bill  only 
if  drawn  and  payable  in  the  same  state.  • 

What  rule  governs  paper  made  payable  to  fic- 
titious payees? 

Ans. : Paper  made  payable  to  a fictitious  or 
non-existing  person  is  payable  to  bearer,  if  fact  was 
known  to  person  so  making  paper. 

In  what  states  does  (1)  clause  for  payment  of 
attorney  fee  for  collecting  defaulted  paper  or  (2) 
clause  waiving  statutory  exemptions  invalidate 
commercial  paper? 

Ans.:  In  following  states  clauses  are  allowed, 
viz. : Alabama,  Oklahoma,  Minnesota,  Pennsylvania, 
Tennessee,  Texas,  Utah  and  Wyoming.  In  Florida 
attorney  fee  clause  allowed,  but  exemption  clause  is 
not.  In  the  following  states  clauses  are  expressly 
prohibited,  viz. : California,  Missouri,  Navada,  New 
Hampshire,  North  Carolina,  Oklahoma  and  South 
Dakota.  In  other  states  clauses  affect  negotiability, 
and  such  paper  should  not  be  accepted. 

State  concisely  liability  of  endorsers  under  dif- 
ferent circumstances. 

Every  general  endorser,  as  well  as  endorser  with- 
out recourse,  warrants  to  all  subsequent  holders 
of  a bill  in  due  course  (1)  that  instrument  is  genu- 
ine and  what  it  purports  to  be  (2)  that  he  has  good 
title  (3)  that  all  prior  parties  had  capacity  to  con- 
tract (4)  that  he  has  no  knowledge  of  any  fact 
which  would  impair  its  validity  and  (5)  that  at 
time  of  endorsement  instrument  is  valid.  In  addi- 
tion general  endorser  engages  (a)  that  on  due  pre- 
sentment bill  shall  be  accepted  or  paid,  or  both,  as 
case  may  be,  according  to  its  tenor  (b)  that  if  dis- 
honored and  necessary  proceedings  be  duly  taken  he 
will  pay  the  amount  to  holder  or  any  subsequent 
endorser  who  may  be  compelled  to  pay.  An  ac- 
commodation endorser  is  subject  to  all  liabilties  of 


16 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


an  endorser  in  due  course,  except  as  between  maker 
and  accommodating  party. 

Are  drafts  retained  or  destroyed  by  drawee 
held  to  be  accepted? 

Ans. : Drawee  is  allowed  twenty-four  hours  to 
accept  a bill,  and  it  is  usual  to  leave  bill  with  him 
for  that  period;  foreign  bill,  if  not  accepted  in 
twenty-four  hours,  must  be  protested.  If  drawee 
destroys  bill,  and  does  not,  on  demand,  return  it  at 
expiration  of  the  twenty-four  hours,  bill  is  held  to 
be  accepted.  This  is  a general  rule  of  law  in  all 
states,  and  is  expressly  declared  in  Arkansas,  Idaho, 
Kansas,  Massachusetts,  Missouri  and  New  York. 

Is  there  time  limit  on  presentation  of  checks? 

Ans. : Check  must  be  presented  for  payment 
within  a reasonable  time  after  its  issue,  or  drawer 
will  be  discharged  from  liability  thereon  to  extent 
of  loss  caused  by  delay.  As  to  drafts,  see  answer 
(a)  and  (b)  to  question  on  “liability  of  endorsers.’’ 

LEGAL  DON’TS. 

Don’t  advance  much  of  value  on  paper,  unless 
by  its  terms  it  is  payable  to  “order  of”  or  “to  bear- 
er” and  is  expressed  upon  its  face  to  be  “for  value 
received.”  Without  the  concurrence  of  these  ele- 
ments an  innocent  purchaser  gets  no  better  title 
than  all  previous  endorsers  and  the  original  payee 
had;  it  is  open  to  all  defenses  that  might  have  been 
made  as  against  them. 

Don’t  deal  in  past  due  paper,  for  the  same  rea- 
son. 

Don’t  be  less  vigilant  in  your  guardianship  of 
paper  endorsed  in  blank  than  of  gold  nuggets  of 
equal  value,  for  in  the  case  of  the  former  the  in- 
nocent purchaser  for  the  value  before  maturity, 
even  from  a thief,  acquires  good  title,  while  in  the 
case  of  the  gold  nuggets,  be  the  purchaser  ever  so 
innocent,  still  he  gets  no  better  title  than  the  thief 
himself,  which  is,  of  course,  none  at  all. 

Don’t  neglect  to  have  paper  due  “at  sight,”  or 
“upon  demand”  protested  on  the  day  presented  to 
the  maker ; it  is  not  entitled  to  days  of  grace. 

Don’t  make  demand  on  time  paper  until  the  day 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


17 


of  maturity a day  too  early  is  as  fatal  to  liabil- 

ity of  endorsers  as  a day  too  late. 

Don^t  seek  to  give  notice  of  dishonor  by  mail  to 
endorsers  residing  in  the  same  town  in  which  the 
paper  is  payable;  such  method  is  only  proper  in 
case  of  different  place  of  residence. 

Don’t  in  any  manner  erase  or  add  to  any  por- 
tion of  a written  instrument,  after  its  execution, 
without  the  consent  of  all  parties;  even  though  the 
.matter  so  added  or  taken  away  seems  most  imma- 
terial, or  though  it,  indeed,  conforms  the  instru- 
ment to  the  contract  which  it  was  intended  to  evi- 
dence ; such  change  made  by  the  holder,  or  with  his 
acquiescence,  without  the  consent  of  the  party 
sought  to  be  charged,  voids  the  instrument. 

Don’t  refuse,  other  than  upon  moral  grounds, 
to  deal  in  a piece  of  paper  executed  on  the  Sab- 
bath ; legally  it  is  as  binding  as  though  made  on  any 
other  day. 

Don’t  try  to  apply  the  doctrine  of  innocent  pur- 
chaser for  value  to  a note,  the  consideration  for 
which  is  money  or  property  won  at  a game  or  gam- 
ing device;  such  paper  is  void  in  the  hands  of  all 
persons,  whether  innocently  purchased  or  not. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT  OF  DEEDS. 

An  Acknowledgment  is  the  act  of  declaring  the 
execution  of  an  instrument  before  an  officer  au- 
thorized to  certify  to  such  declaration.  The  officer 
certifies  to  the  fact  of  such  declaration,  and  to  his 
knowledge  of  the  person  so  declaring.  Convey- 
ances or  deads  of  land  to  be  entitled  to  be  recorded 
must  first  be  acknowledged  before  a proper  officer. 
Most  of  the  States  have  forms  of  acknowledgments, 
which  should  be  followed. 

Acknowledgments  may  be  taken  in  general  by 
Notaries  Public,  Justices  of  the  Peace,  Judges  or 
Clerks  of  Courts  of  the  higher  grades.  Registers, 
Masters  in  Chancery,  Court  Commissioners,  Town 
Clerks,  Mayor  and  Clerks  of  incorporated  cities, 
within  their  respective  jurisdictions. 

The  requisites  to  a valid  deed  are  the  same  in 
general  as  other  contracts,  but  the  appointment  of 


18 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


an  attorney  to  execute  a deed  for  another  person 
must  in  general  be  executed  with  the  same  formal- 
ities requisite  to  the  deed  itself. 

Seals  or  their  equivalent  (or  whatever  is  intend- 
ed as  such)  are  necessary  in  Alaska,  Connecticut, 
Delaware,  District  of  Columbia,  Florida,  Idaho,  Illi- 
nois, Maine,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  Missouri,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey, 
New  York,  North  Carolina,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania, 
South  Carolina,  Vermont,  Virginia,  West  Virginia, 
Wisconsin,  Wyoming.  In  almost  all  the  States 
deeds  by  corporations  must  be  under  seal.  Forms 
are  prescribed  or  indicated  by  the  statutes  of  most 
of  the  States  except  Connecticut,  Florida,  Louisiana. 
Separate  acknowledgment  by  wife  is  required  in 
Alaska,  Arkansas,  Delaware,  District  of  Columbia, 
Florida,  Georgia,  Idaho,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Mon- 
tana, Nevada,  New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Oregon, 
Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas. 
One  Witness  to  the  execution  of  deeds  is  required 
in  District  of  Columbia,  Maine  (customary),  Mary- 
land, Nebraska,  New  Jersey  (usual),  Oklahoma, 
Utah,  Wyoming.  Two  Witnesses  to  the  execution 
of  deeds  are  required  in  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  Flor- 
ida, Georgia,  Louisiana,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  New 
Hampshire,  Ohio,  Oregon,  South  Carolina,  Texas, 
Vermont,  Wisconsin. 

FOREIGN  BORN  POPULATION  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 

The  foreign  born  population  of  the  United 
States,  10,460,085,  distributed  by  countries  of  origin, 
as  follows:  Africa,  2,577;  Asia  (except  China, 
Japan  and  India),  11,927;  Atlantic  islands,  10,955; 
Australia,  7,041;  Austria,  276,702;  Belgium,  29,848; 
Bohemia,  156,999;  Canada  (English),  787,798; 
Canada  (French),  395,427;  Central  America,  3,911; 
China,  106,659;  Cuba,  11,159;  Denmark,  154,616; 
England,  843,491;  Europe  (not  otherwise  specified), 
2,272;  Finland,  63,440;  France,  104,534;  Germany, 
2,669,164;  Greece,  8,655;  Holland,  105,098;  Hungary, 
145,815;  India,  2,069;  Ireland,  1,619,469;  Italy,  480,- 
703 ; Japan,  81,590 ; Luxemburg,  3,042 ; Mexico,  103,- 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


19 


445 ; Norway,  338,426 ; Pacific  islands,  2,659 ; Poland 
(Austrian),  58,503;  Poland  (Germany),  150,232;  Po- 
land (Russian),  154,424;  Poland  (unknown),  20,436; 
Portugal,  37,144 ; Roumania,  15,043 ; Russia,  424,372 ; 
Scotland,  234,699;  South  America,  4,814;  Spain,  7,- 
284 ; Sweden,  574,625 ; Switzerland,  115,959 ; Turkey, 
9,949;  Wales,  93,744;  West  Indies  (except  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico),  14,468;  other  countries,  2,587;  born  at 
sea,  8,310.  Total  foreign  born,  10,460,085. 

The  population,  according  to  foreign  parentage, 
was : Having  both  parents  born  abroad,  21,074,679 ; 
having  one  parent  born  abroad  and  one  parent  a na- 
tive, 5,124,260. 

USEFUL  INFORMATION. 

A gallon  of  water  equals  231  cubic  inches  and 
weighs  8%  lbs.  A cubic  foot  of  water  equals  7% 
gallons  and  weighs  62%  pounds. 

Water  expands  1-11  of  its  bulk  in  freezing. 

One  cubic  inch  of  water  evaporates  into  a cubic 
foot  of  steam.  To  evaporate  one  cubic  foot  of  water 
requires  the  consumption  of  7%  pounds  of  coal,  or 
about  one  pound  of  coal  to  a gallon  of  water.  Each 
nominal  hor.sepower  of  a boiler  requires  30  to  35 
pounds  of  water  per  hour. 

One  inch  of  rainfall  means  100  tons  of  water  on 
every  acre. 

A column  of  water  2 3-10  feet  high  equals  one 
pound  per  square  inch  pressure.  To  find  the  pres- 
sure per  square  inch  of  a column  of  water  multiply 
the  height  of  the  column  in  feet  by  the  decimal  .434. 

Doubling  the  diameter  of  a pipe  or  cylindrical 
vessel  increases  its  capacity  four  times. 

Double  riveting  is  from  16  to  20  per  cent  strong- 
er than  single  riveting. 

To  find  the  circumference  of  a circle,  multiply 
the  diameter  by  3.1416. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a circle,  multiply  the 
circumference  by  .31831. 

To  find  the  area  of  a circle,  multiply  the  square 
of  the  diameter  by  .7854. 

To  find  the  sides  of  an  equal  square,  multiply 
the  diameter  by  .8862. 


20 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


To  find  the  capacity  of  cylindrical  tanks  square 
the  diameter  in  inches,  multiply  by  the  height  in 
inches  and  this  product  by  the  decimal  .34.  Point 
off  four  decimals  and  you  have  the  capacity  in  gal- 
lons. 


To  find  the  capacity  of.  a wagon  bed  multiply 
the  length  by  the  breadth  and  this  by  the  height  to 
find  the  cubic  feet,  multiply  the  cubic  feet  by  the 
decimal  .8,  point  off  the  decimal  and  you  will  have 
the  capacity  in  bushels. 

To  find  the  contents  of  a corn  crib,  multiply  the 
cubic  feet  contained  therein  by  4 and  divide  the 
product  by  9 and  you  will  have  the  contents  in 
bushels. 

To  find  the  contents  of  a pile  of  cordwood,  mul- 
tiply the  length,  width  and  height  together  and  di- 
vide the  product  by  128.  This  will  give  you  the 
number  of  cords. 

Hay  measure : 500  cubic  feet  of  well  settled  hay 
or  700  cubic  feet  of  new  mown  hay  will  make  a ton. 
To  estimate  amount  of  hay  in  mow : — 10  cubic  yards 
of  hay  weigh  a ton,  or  if  in  an  old  settled  stack,  9 
yards. 


METALS. 

Products — 

Aluminum  

Antimony  

Copper 

Ferromanganese  

Gold  (fine)  

Iron  (pig)  

Lead  

Nickel  

Platinum  .’ 

Quicksilver  

Silver  (fine)  

Sodium  

Tin  

Zinc  

Total  metals 

Total  ores  and  minerals  . . . . 

Secondary  products  

Grand  total  enumerated  . . . . 


Value. 

$ 2,700,000 

432,367 
138,366,522 
9,533,829 
96,055,000 
442,311,427 
35,919,340 


33,518 
1,054,991 
30,186,801 
1,000,000 
3,751,000 
30,587,976 
$ 791,932,771 
903,889,401 
161,548,881 
$1,857,371,053 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


21 


POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  1910 
AS  ANNOUNCED  BY  THE  BUREAU  OF 
THE  CENSUS.  DECEMBER.  10.  1910. 


Alabama  2,138,093 

Arizona  204,354 

Arkansas  1,574,449 

California  2,377,549 

Colorado  799,024 

Connecticut  1,114,756 

Delaware  202,322 

District  of  Coin  331,069 

Florida  751,139 

Georgia  2,609,121 

Idaho  325,594 

Illinois 5,638,591 

Indiana  2,700,876 

Iowa 2,224,771 

Kansas 1,690,949 

Kentucky  2,289,905 

Louisiana  1,656,388 

Maine 742,371 

Maryland 1,295,346 

Massachusetts  ..  3,366,416 

Michigan 2,810,173 

Minnesota 2,075,708 

Mississippi  1,797,114 

Missouri  3,293,335 

Montana  376,053 

Nebraska 1,192,214 

Nevada  81,875 

New  Hampshire.  430,572 
New  Jersey  . . . 2,537,167 
New  Mexico  . . . 327,301 


New  York 9,113,279 

North  Carolina  i,8S‘90S‘S 
North  Dakota  ..  577,056 

Ohio 4,767,121 

Oklahoma  1,657,155 

Oregon 672,765 

Pennsylvania  . . 7,665,111 
Rhode  Island  . . 542,610 

South  Carolina  . 1,515,400 
South  Dakota  . . 583,888 


Tennessee  2,184,789 

Texas 3,896,542 

Utah 373,351 

Vermont  355,956 

Virginia  2,061,612 

Washington  . . . 1,141,990 
West  Virginia  . 1,221,119 

Wisconsin 2,333,860 

Wyoming 145,965 

Cont.  U.  S 91,972,267 

Alaska 64,356 

Hawaii 191,909 

Porto  Rico  1,118,012 

Military  and  naval  serv- 
ices   55,607 


The  United  States,  (in- 
clusive of  Alaska,  Ha- 
waii and  Porto  Rico . 

93,402,151 


DOMESTIC  ANIMALS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Neat  cattle,  cows,  bulls,  etc 69,080,000 

Horses  and  colts 21,040,000 

Mules 4,123,000 

Asses  and  burros  110,012 

Sheep  and  lambs  57,216,000 

Swine  47,782,000 

Goats 1,948,952 


PRINCIPAL  CEREAL  CROPS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  Production  by  States. 


Wheat,  Bushels 

39.515.000 

62.068.000 

9.600.000 

10.647.000 

1.560.000 
70,000 

18.780.000 

25.363.000 

2.710.000 

10.560.000 

2.675.000 

8.721.000 
860,000 
379,000 

5.708.000 

1.160.000 

12.603.000 

25.603.000 

16.414.000 

17.100.000 

695,443,000 

49,205,000 

$621,443,000 

14.01 

89.4 

1 Corn,  Bushels 

206.400.000 

169.100.000 

105.270.000 

96.348.000 

63.432.000 

66.256.000 

58.835.000 

181.280.000 

92.352.000 

69.216.000 

184.000 
60,000 

2.846.000 

1.610.000 

390.000 

394.000 

192.000 

448.000 

459.000 
1,838,000 

3,125,713,000 

114,002,000 

$1,523,968,000 

27.4 

48.8 

I Oats,  Bushels 

74.200.000 

46.620.000 

4.250.000 

4.600.000 

5.494.000 

3.360.000 

774.000 

24.325.000 

23.068.000 

4.730.000 

13.300.000 

4.160.000 

7.898.000 

822.000 
160,000 

2.494.000 
313,000 

7.084.000 

8.817.000 

10.419.000 

8.325.000 

1,126,765,000 

35,288,000 

$384,716,000 

31.9 

34.1 

Wheat,  Bushels  State 

Neb 

Kansas  . . 

Ky 

Tenn.  . . . 

Ala 

Miss 

La 

Texas  . . . 
Okla.  ... 

Ark 

Mont.  . . . 

Wyo 

Colo 

N.  M.  ... 

Ariz 

Utah  .... 
Nevada  .. 
Idaho  . . . 
Wash.  . . . 
Oregon  . . 
Calif,  .... 

Total  bu... 
T1  acres.. 
T’l  farm 
val.  Dec.  1 
Yield  per.  acr^ 
Farm  price  . . . 

267,000 

29,000 

10.523.000 

2.053.000 

27.697.000 

2.074.000 

13.816.000 

10.176.000 

5.125.000 

7.433.000 

4.983.000 

2.730.000 

31.493.000 

40.981.000 

31.500.000 

15.642.000 
3-,659,000 

94.080.000 

11.131.000 

25.130.000 

86.105.000 

46.720.000 

Corn,  Bushels 

782.000 

1.426.000 

2.881.000 

2.275.000 

440.000 

3.352.000 

26.044.000 

10.440.000 

65.026.000 

6.424.000 

23.785.000 

54.621.000 

23.920.000 

57.139.000 

44.733.000 

65.714.000 

8.814.000 

144.540.000 

201.216.000 

414.812.000 

68.040.000 

51.188.000 

56.375.000 

343.870.000 

273.900.000 

2.996.000 

54.050.000 

State  1 Oats,  Bushels  | 

' 5,554,000 

599.000 

3.528.000 

248.000 
70,000 

405.000 

46.161.000 

2.226.000 

35.130.000 

135.000 

810.000 

4.268.000 

2.520.000 

3.458.000 

4.599.000 

6.243.000 
502,000 

65.658.000 

65.490.000 
171,000,000 

51.170.000 

69.136.000 

78.523.000 
181,440,000 

' 26,208,000 
1 11,396,000 

35.075.000 

Marne  . . . 

N.  H 

Vermont  . 
Mass.  . . . 

R.  I 

Conn 

N.  Y.  ... 

N.  J 

Penn.  . . . 

Del 

Md 

Virginia  . 
W.  Va.... 
N.  C 

S.  C 

Georgia  .. 
Florida  .. 

Ohio  

Indiana  .. 
Illinois  . . 
Mich.  . . . 

Wis 

Minn.  . . •. 

Iowa 

Missouri  . 

N.  D 

S.  D 

ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


23 


PRODUCTION  OP  TOBACCO. 


States — 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts  . 
Connecticut  . . . 

New  York 

Pennsylvania  . . 

Maryland  

Virginia  

West  Virginia  . 
North  Carolina 
South  Carolina 

Georgia  

Florida  

Ohio  

Indiana  

Illinois  

Wisconsin  

Missouri  

Kentucky  

Tennessee  

Alabama  

Mississippi  .... 

Louisiana  

Texas  

Arkansas  


Production,  lbs. 

170.000 

335.000 
, . . 7,040,000 

...  22,110,000 
, . . 7,050,000 

. ..  30,732,000 
. ..  17,750,000 
, . .120,125,000 
, 12,600,000 
. . .144,000,000 
. ..  32,000,000 
. . . 1,470,000 

. . . 3,195,000 

. ..  83,250,000 
. ..  19,000,000 
. . . 1,125,000 

. ..  37,170.000 
. . . 4,425,000 

. . .350,700,000 
. ..  53,290,000 

360.000 
50,000 

220.000 

650.000 

540.000 


Total  United  States 949,357,000 

SALT  PRODUCTION. 

The  quantity  of  salt  produced  in  this  country 
according  to  statistics  amounted  to  28,822,062  bar- 
rels of  280  pounds,  valued  at  $7,553,632.  Expressed 
on  a tonnage  basis  these  quantities  represent  an  out- 
put of  4,035,089  short  tons.  The  average  net  value 
of  the  product  was  26.2  cents  per  barrel,  or  $1.87  per 
short  ton.  The  states  producing  the  greatest  quan- 
tity were  as  follows:  Michigan,  10,194,279  barrels; 
New  York,  9,076,743  barrels;  Ohio,  3,427,478  barrels; 
Kansas,  2,588,814  barrels.  In  both  quantity  and 
value  of  output  the  United  States  stands  at  the  head 
of  the  salt-producing  countries  of  the  world. 


24 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


MINERAL  PRODUCTS  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES. 


Products 

Antimony  ore  

Asbestos  

Asphaltum  

Barytes 

Bauxite 

Borax  

Chrome  ore  

Coal,  anthracite  . . . . 
Coal,  bituminous  . . . 

Emery 

Feldspar 

Flint  

Fluorspar  

Fuller’s  earth  

Garnet  

Graphite,  amorphous 
Graphite,  crystalline 

Gypsum  

Iron  ore  

Limestone  flux 

Magnesite 

Manganese  ore  

Mica,  sheet 

Mica,  scrap  

Monazite 

Petroleum,  crude  . . . 

Phosphate  rock 

Pumice  

Pyrites  

Salt  

Sand,  glass 

Sulphur  

Talc,  common  

Talc,  fibrous  

Tin  ore  

Tungsten  ore 

Zinc  ore  


Value 
$ ' 3,700 

64,350 


145,187 

778,203 

1,950,000 

6,075 

160,843,081 

467,259,147 

501, 2si 


270,840 
277,293 
151,700 
81,443 
340,676 
5,947,341 
95,881,315 
6,907,450 
$ 59,780 

12,700 
283,832 
53,265 
12,006 
130,864,677 
11,961,956 
37,561 
720,000 
8,767,346 


6,600,000 

787.500 

467.500 
7,500 

844,526 


Total  enumerated 


$903,889,401 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


25 


SUGAR  PRODUCTION. 


Countries-—  Tons, 

Louisiana  350,000 

Porto  Rico 245,000 

Cuba 1,486,000 

British  West  Indies 90,000 

Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo 80,000 

Peru 150,000 

Brazil 248,000 

Java 1,241,885 

Hawaii 475,000 

Queensland 151,554 

Mauritius  195,000 

Demerara  117,176 

Argentina 162,479 

Philippines 150,000 

United  States 384,010 

Germany  2,080,000 

Austria  1,398,000 

France 802,000 

Russia  1,265,000 


COMPARATIVE  PERCENTAGE  OF  FEED  UNITS 


Crude 

Protein 

Crude 

Fat 

Carbo 

Hydrates 

Value 
Per  Ton 

Mixed  Meadow  Hay. 

3.0 

1.1 

43.4 

8.24 

Whole  Corn 

8.2 

3.4 

67.5 

15.38 

Oats  

8.1 

4.1 

44.7 

13.50 

Corn  Meal  

5.3 

3.5 

59.3 

12.68 

Wheat  Bran  

12.0 

2.8 

44.5 

14.44 

Whole  Cotton  Seed. . 

10.2 

16.4 

30.9 

19.82 

Cotton  Seed  Hulls . . . 

2.2 

1.6 

33.5 

6.46 

Cotton  Seed  Meal. . . 

35.3 

10.9 

20.1 

30.23 

PROMISSORY  NOTES  AND  CHECKS. 

Negotiable  instruments,  the  common  forms  of 
v^hich  are  promissory  notes,  checks,  or  other  bills  of 
exchange,  while  having  the  same  general  requisites 
as  other  contracts,  have  certain  distinct  features. 
The  purpose  of  the  law  is  to  facilitate  as  much  as 
possible  their  free  passing  from  hand  to  hand  like 
currency.  The  assignment  of  an  ordinary  contract 
leaves  the  assignee  in  no  different  position  for  en- 
forcing his  rights  than  that  of  his  assignor,  but  one 


26 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


who  takes  a negotiable  instrument  from  a prior 
holder,  without  knowledge  of  any  defences  to  it,  be- 
fore its  maturity,  and  gives  value  for  it,  holds  it  free 
of  any  defences  which  might  have  been  set  up 
against  his  predecessors,  except  those  defects  that 
were  inherent  in  the  instrument  itself. 

To  be  negotiable  an  instrument  must  be  in  writ- 
ing and  signed  by  the  maker  (of  a note)  or  drawer 
(of  a bill  or  check). 

It  must  contain  an  unconditional  promise  or  or- 
der to  pay  a sum  certain  in  money. 

Must  be  payable  on  demand,  or  at  a fixed  future 
time. 

Must  be  payable  to  order  or  to  bearer. 

In  a bill  of  exchange  (check)  the  party  directed 
to  pay  must  be  reasonably  certain. 

Every  negotiable  instrument  is  presumed  to  have 
been  issued  for  a valuable  consideration,  and  want 
of  consideration  in  the  creation  of  the  instrument  is 
not  a defence  against  a bona  fide  holder. 

An  instrument  is  negotiated,  that  is  completely 
transferred,  so  as  to  vest  title  in  the  purchaser,  if 
payable  to  bearer,  or  indorsed  simply  with  the  name 
of  the  last  holder,  by  mere  delivery,  if  payable  to 
order  by  the  indorsement  of  the  party  to  whom  it  is 
payable  and  delivery. 

One  who  transfers  an  instrument  by  indorsement 
warrants  to  every  subsequent  holder  that  the  instru- 
ment is  genuine,  that  he  has  title  to  it,  and  that  if 
not  paid  by  the  party  primarily  liable  at  maturity, 
he  will  pay  it  upon  receiving  due  notice  of  non-pay- 
ment. 

To  hold  an  indorser  liable  the  holder  upon  its 
non-payment  at  maturity  must  give  prompt  notice 
of  such  non-payment  to  the  indorser  and  that  the 
holder  looks  to  the  indorser  for  payment.  Such  no- 
tice should  be  sent  within  twenty-four  hours. 

When  an  indorser  is  thus  compelled  to  pay  he 
may  hold  prior  parties  through  whom  he  received 
the  instrument  liable  to  him  by  sending  them  prompt 
notice  of  non-payment  upon  receiving  such  notice 
from  the  holder. 

One  who  transfers  a negotiable  instrument  by 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


27 


delivery,  without  indorsing  it,  simply  warrants  that 
the  instrument  is  genuine,  that  he  has  title  to  it,  and 
knows  of  no  defence  to  it,  but  does  not  agree  to  pay 
it  if  unpaid  at  maturity. 

The  maker  of  a note  is  liable  to  pay  it  if  unpaid  • 
at  maturity  without  any  notice  from  the  holder  or 
indorser. 

Notice  to  one  of  several  partners  is  sufficient 
notice  to  all. 

When  a check  is  certified  by  a bank  the  bank 
becomes  primarily  liable  to  pay  it  without  notice  of 
its  non-payment,  and  when  the  holder  of  a check 
thus  obtains  its  certification  by  the  bank,  the  drawer  - 
of  the  check  and  previous  indorsers  are  released 
from  liability,  and  the  holder  looks  to  the  bank  for 
payment. 

A bona-fide  holder  of  a negotiable  instrument, 
that  is,  a party  who  takes  an  instrument  regular  on 
its  face,  before  its  maturity,  pays  value  for  it  and 
has  no  knowledge  of  any  defences  to  it,  is  entitled 
to  hold  the  party  primarily  liable  responsible  for  its 
payment,  despite  any  defences  he  may  have  against 
the  party  to  whom  he  gave  it,  except  such  as,  ren- 
dered the  instrument  void  in  its  inception.  Thus, 
if  the  maker  of  a note  received  no  value  for  it,  or 
was  induced  to  issue  it  through  fraud  or  imposition, 
they  do  not  defeat  the  right  of  a bona-fide  holder  to 
compel  its  payment  from  him. 

The  following  States  have  enacted  a similar  Ne- 
gotiable Instrument  Law:  Colorado,  Connecticut, 
District  of  Columbia,  Florida,  Maryland,  Massachu- 
setts, North  Carolina,  North  Dakota,  Pennsylvania, 
Oregon,  Rhode  Island,  Utah,  Virginia,  Washington, 
Wisconsin,  New  York  and  Tennessee — and  the  same 
general  rules  apply  in  all  the  states. 

PRODUCTION  OP  COAL. 

Area  of  the  world’s  coal  fields,  in  square  miles. 

China  and  Japan,  200,000;  United  States,  194,- 
000;  India,  35,000;  Russia,  27,000;  Great  Britain, 
9,000;  Germany,  3,600;  France,  1,800;  Belgium, 
Spain,  and  other  countries,  1,400.  Total,  471,800. 

The  coal  fields  of  China,  Japan,  Great  Britain, 


28 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


Germany,  Russia  and  India  contain  apparently  303,- 
000,000,000  tons,  which  is  enough  for  450  years  at 
present  rate  of  consumption.  If  to  the  above  be 
added  the  coal  fields  in  the  United  States,  Canada, 
and  other  countries,  the  supply  will  be  found  ample 
for  1,000  years.  Improved  machinery  has  greatly 
increased  the  yield  per  miner',  and  thus  produced  a 
fall  in  price  to  the  advantage  of  all  industries. 

The  production  of  the  principal  countries  in 
1907  in  metric  tons  of  2,205  pounds  was:  United 
States,  430,430,183;  United  Kingdom,  267,828,276; 
Germany,  (a)  205,542,688 ; Austria-Hungary,  (a)  39,- 
876,511;  France,  37,022,556;  Belgium,  23,824,499; 
Russia,  17,800,000;  Japan,  12,890,000;  Australasia, 
10,534,000;  India,  10,694,891;  Canada,  10,510,961; 
Spain,  (a)  3,250,000;  Sweden,  305,308;  South  Africa, 
(&)  3,945,043;  Italy,  (a)  (6)  225,000;  all  other  coun- 
tries, (h)  3,475,780;  total,  partly  estimated,  1,078,- 
155,696  metric  tons,  (a)  Including  lignite.  (6) 
Estimated. 

DAIRY  PRODUCTS. 

(Latest  returns  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics 
of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  in  the  Statis- 


tical Abstract.) 

Cows  kept  for  milk  on  farms number. . 17,139,674 

Cows  kept  for  milk  not  on  farms “ 973,033 

Total  number  of  cows  for  milk 18,112,707 


Milk  produced  on  farms gallons..  .7,266,392,674 

Milk  produced  not  on  farms  “ • 462,190,676 

Total  gallons  of  milk  produced 7,728,683.350 


Butter  made  on  farms pounds..  .1,071,745,127 

Butter  made  in  factory  creameries .. . “ 420,126,546 

Butter  made  in  urban  dairy  establish- 
ments   “ 827,470 

Total  pounds  of  butter  made  1,492,699,143 


Cheese  made  on  farms pounds...  16,372,330 

Cheese  made  in  factories “ 281,972,324 

Cheese  made  in  urban  dairy  establish- 
ments   “ 662,164 

Total  pounds  of  cheese  made 299,006,818 

Condensed  milk  produced  pounds...  186,921,787 

• Estimated. 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


. 29 


CONSUMPTION  OF  BEER,  WINE  AND  LIQUOR. 


Countries 

Malt 

Liquors 

Wines 

Alcohol 

United  States...!  1,752,634,426 

61,779,549 

121,130,036 

United  Kingdom. 

1,500,709,000  1 

[ 16,646,933 

58,318,373 

Russia  

151,633,892  j 

1 25,000,000 

172,550,500 

Germany 

1,782,778,000 

I 113,583,000 

124,313,300 

France  

289,103,000 

1 1,342,830,600 

97,177,968 

Spain  

20,000,000  1 
395,285,258  | 

1 321,816,000 

[ 8,948,200 

Belgium 

9,895,000 

Italy 

6,725,000  1 

1 1,045,961,000  1 

1 11,150,400 

Austria-Hungary  . 

545,674.043  | 

I 119,218,000  1 

I 120,000,000 

Denmark 

63.213.000 

44.440.000  ' 

( 1 

1 4,000,000 

1 10,730,500 

f 

Sweden  

Portugal  

1 898,200  1 

1 87,142,000  1 

LAW  OF  CONTRACTS. 

A contract  is  an  agreement  of  two  or  more  par- 
ties, by  which  reciprocal  rights  and  obligations  are 
created.  One  party  acquires  a right,  enforceable  at 
law,  to  some  act  or  forbearance  from  the  other,  who 
is  under  a corresponding  obligation  to  thus  act  or 
forbear. 

Generally  speaking,  all  contracts  which  are 
made  between  two  competent  parties,  for  a proper 
consideration,  without  fraud  and  for  a lawful  pur- 
pose, are  enforcable  at  law. 

To  the  creation  of  a valid  contract  there 
must  be : 

1.  Precise  agreement.  The  offer  of  one  party 
must  be  met  by  an  acceptance  by  the  other  accord- 
ing to  the  terms  offered. 

2.  There  must  be  a consideration.  Something 
of  value  must  either  be  received  by  one  party  or 
given  up  by  the  other. 

3.  The  parties  must  have  capacity  to  contract. 
The  contracts  of  insane  persons  are  not  binding 
upon  them.  Married  women  are  now  generally  per- 
mitted to  contract  as  though  single,  and  bind  their 
separate  property.  The  contracts  of  an  infant  are 
generally  not  binding  upon  him,  unless  ratified  after 
attaining  his  majority.  The  contracts  of  an  infant 
for  “necessaries’’  may  be  enforced  against  him  to 
the  extent  of  the  reasonable  value  of  the  goods  fur- 
nished. It  is  incumbent  upon  one  seeking  thus  to 


30- 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


hold  an  infant  to  show  that  the  goods  furnished 
were  in  fact  necessary  to  the  infant,  and  that  he 
was  not  already  supplied  by  his  parents  or  guar- 
dians. 

4.  The  party’s  consent  must  not  be  the  result 
of  fraud  or  imposition,  or  it  may  be  avoided  by  the 
party  imposed  upon. 

5.  The  purpose  of  the  parties  must  be  lawful. 
Agreements  to  defraud  others,  to  violate  statutes,  or 
whose  aim  is  against  public  policy,  such  as  to  cre- 
ate monopolies,  or  for  the  corrupt  procurement  of 
legislative  or  official  action  are  void  and  cannot 
be  enforced  by  any  party  thereto. 

Contracts  in  general  are  equally  valid,  whether 
made  orally  or  in  writing,  with  the  exception  of 
certain  classes  of  contracts,  which  in  most  of  the 
States  are  required  to  be  attested  by  a note  or  mem- 
orandum in  writing  signed  by  the  party  or  his  agent 
sought  to  be  held  liable.  Some  of  the  provisions 
which  are  adopted  from  the  old  English  Statute 
of  Frauds,  vary  in  some  of  the  States,  but  the  fol- 
lowing contracts  very  generally  are  required  to  be 
thus  attested  by  some  writing. 

Contracts  by  their  terms  not  to  be  performed 
within  a year  from  the  making  thereof. 

A promise  to  answer  for  the  debt,  default  or 
miscarriage  of  another  person. 

Contracts  made  in  consideration  of  marriage, 
except  mutual  promises  to  marry. 

Promise  of  an  executor,  or  administrator  to 
pay  debts  of  deceased  out  of  his  own  property. 

Contracts  for  the  creation  of  any  interest  or 
estate  in  land,  with  the  exception  of  leases  for  a 
short-  term,  generally  one  year. 

Contracts  for  the  sale  of  goods  above  a certain 
value,  unless  a portion  of  the  price  is  paid  or  part 
of  the  goods  delivered.  The  required  value  of  the 
goods  sold  varies  in  different  States  from  $30  to 
$200.  In  a number  of  the  States  no  such  provision 
exists. 

In  many  of  the  States  declarations  or  convey- 
ances of  trust  estates. 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


31 


In  many  States  representations  as  to  the  char- 
acter, credit,  or  responsibility  of  another  person. 

Partial  performance  of  the  contract  is  gener- 
ally held  to  dispense  with  the  necessity  for  a writ- 
ing. 

If  the  damages  liable  to  result  from  the  break- 
ing of  a contract  are  uncertain  the  parties  may 
agree  upon  a sum  to  which  either  may  be  entitled 
as  compensation  for  a breach  which  will  be  upheld 
by  the  courts,  but  if  the  sum  so  fixed  is  not  de- 
signed as  a fair  compensation  to  the  party  injured, 
but  as  a penalty  to  be  inflicted,  it  will  be  disre- 
garded. 

A party  is  generally  excused  for  the  failure  to 
perform  what  he  has  agreed  only  by  the  act  of  God 
or  the  public  enemy.  Except  in  cases  involving  a 
personal  element  in  the  work  to  be  performed,  such 
as  the  rendition  of  services,  when  the  death  or  sick- 
ness of  the  party  contracting  to  perform  them  is  a 
valid  excuse,  or  contracts  for  the  performance  of 
work  upon  a specified  object,  when  its  destruction 
without  the  fault  of  the  party  sought  to  be  held  lia- 
ble is  a sufficient  excuse. 

HELP  IN  CASE  OP  ACCIDENT.  ^ 

DROWNING — 1.  Loosen  clothing,  if  any.  2. 
Empty  lungs  of  water  by  laying  body  on  its  stom- 
ach and  lifting  it  by  the  middle  so  that  the  head 
hangs  down.  Jerk  the  body  a few  times.  3.  Pull 
tongue  forward,  using  handkerchief,  or  pin  with 
string,  if  necessary.  4.  Imitate  motion  of  respira- 
tion by  alternately  compressing  and  expanding  the 
lower  ribs,  about  twenty  times  a minute.  Alter- 
nately raising  and  lowering  the  arms  from  the  sides 
up  above  the  head  will  stimuate  the  action  of  the 
lungs.  Let  it  be  done  gently  but  persistently.  5. 
Apply  warmth  and  friction  to  extremeties.  6.  By 
holding  tongue  forward,  closing  the  nostrils  and 
pressing  the  “Adam’s  Apple”  back  (so  as  to  close 
entrance  to  stomach),  direct  inflation  can  be  tried. 
Take  a deep  breath  and  breathe  it  forcibly  into  the 
mouth  of  the  patient,  compress  the  chest  to  expell 
the  air  and  repeat  the  operation.  7.  DON’T  GIVE 


32 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


UP ! People  have  been  saved  after  hours  of  patient, 
vigorous  effort.  8,  When  breathing  begins,  get  pa- 
tient into  warm  bed,  give  warm  drinks,  or  spirits  in 
teaspoonfuls,  fresh  air  and  quiet. 

BUENS  AND  SCALDS— Cover  with  cooking 
soda  and  lay  wet  cloth  over  it.  Whites  of  eggs  and 
olive  oil,  olive  or  linseed  oil  plain,  or  mixed  with 
chalk  and  whiting. 

LIGHTNING — Dash  cold  water  over  a person 
struck. 

SUNSTROKE — Loosten  clothing.  Get  patient 
into  shade,  and  apply  ice-cold  water  to  head. 

MAD  DOG  OR  SNAKE  BITES— Tie  cord  tight 
above  wound.  Suck  the  blood  and  cauterize  with 
caustic  or  white  iron  at  once,  or  cut  out  adjoining 
parts  with  sharp  knife. 

VENOMOUS  INSECT  STINGS,  ETC.— Apply 
weak  ammonia,  oil  salt  water  or  iodine. 

FAINTING — Place  flat  on  back;  allow  fresh 
air,  and  sprinkle  with  water. 

TESTS  OF  DEATH — Hold  mirror  to  mouth.  If 
living,  moisture  will  gather.  Push  pin  into  flesh.  If 
dead  the  hole  will  remain,  if  alive  it  will  close  up. 

CINDERS  IN  THE  EYE— Roll  soft  paper  up 
like  a lamp  lighter  and  wet  the  tip  to  remove,  or  use 
a medicine  dropper  to  draw  it  out.  Rub  the  other 
eye. 

POSTAGE  RATES. 

FIRST-CLASS  MATTER  (Letters,  etc.),  2c 
an  ounce. 

SECOND-CLASS  (Newspapers  and  Periodicals), 
Ic  for  4 ounces. 

THIRD-CLASS  (Books,  Circulars),  Ic  for  2 
ounces. 

FOURTH-CLASS  (Merchandise),  Ic  an  ounce. 

REGISTRATION  FEE  (Additional  postage),  8c 

IMMEDIATE  DELIVERY  STAMPS  (addition- 
al to  regular  postage),  10c. 

MONEY  ORDER  ($1  to  $100),  3c  to  30c. 

(See  below  for  explanations  and  exceptions). 

FIRST  CLASS  MATTER— Letters,  and  all  oth- 
er written  matter  (whether  sealed  or  not),  except- 
ing manuscript  copy  accompanying  proof  sheets, 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


33 


also  all  matter  sealed  (see  below),  2 cents  an  ounce, 
excepting  drop  letters  at  NON-CARRIER  offices,  1 
cent  an  ounce.  Postal  cards,  1 cent  each. 

SECOND-CLASS — Newspapers  and  Periodicals, 
published  quarterly  and  oftener,  and  not  for  gratuit- 
ous distribution.  The  general  public  pay  by  affix- 
ing stamps  at  the  rate  of  1 cent  for  each  4 ounces 
or  part  thereof  when  not  sealed. 

THIRD-CLASS — Books  (printed,  not  blanks), 
circulars,  other  printed  matter,  proof  sheets  and  man- 
uscript accompanying  same,  valentines,  sheet  music, 
heliotypes,  chromos,  posters,  lithographs  and  print- 
ed advertising  matter  in  general — all,  when  not  seal- 
ed, 1 cent  for  2 ounces  or  fraction. 

FOURTH-CLASS — Merchandise  and  samples, 
blank  books  and  paper,  ores,  all  matter  not  includ- 
ed in  any  of  the  other  classes,  and  not  in  its  nature 
perishable  or  liable  to  injure  the  contents  of  the 
mails.  (By  express  ruling  the  postage  on  seeds,  cut- 
tings, roots,  scions  and  plants  is  at  the  rate  of  1 cent 
for  each  2 ounces).  All,  when  not  sealed,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding 4 pounds  in  weight,  1 cent  an  ounce,  or  frac- 
tion. 

SEALING — Any  matter  is  regarded  as  sealed 
when  it  is  not  so  wrapped  as  to  allow  a thorough  ex- 
amination without  in  any  way  injuring  the  wrapper. 

REGISTRATION — All  classes  of  mail  matter  may 
be  registered  at  any  postofice  by  affixing  8 cents 
in  addition  to  the  regular  postage. 

POSTAGE  TO  MEXICO  AND  CANADA— The 
general  rule  is  that  articles  admitted  to  the  domestic 
mails  of  either  country  are  admitted  at  the  same 
postage  rates  and  under  the  same  conditions  to  the 
mails  exchanged  between  the  two  countries ; but  the 
rule  is  subject  to  important  exceptions,  not  partic- 
ularizable  in  brief,  and  it  is  best  to  consult  the  post- 
master before  entrusting.merchandise  or  any  unusual 
matter  to  the  international  mails. 

FOREIGN  POSTAGE — The  rates  in  the  case  of 
all  foreign  countries  (Except  Canada  and  Mexico), 
are  as  follows : Letters,  per  half  ounce,  5 cents ; sec- 
ond and  third-class  matter,  per  two  ounces,  1 cent; 
postal  cards,  2 cents  each. 


34 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


MATERIAL  AND  LABOR  FOR  100  SQUARE 
YARDS  OF  LATH  AND  PLASTER. 


Materials 
and  Labor 

Lime,  casks  . 

3 

hard 

Coats 

finish 

4 

2 Coats 
slipped 

3V2 

Lump  Lime,  casks 

Plaster  of  Paris,  casks  . 
Laths 

2 1-3 

V2 

2,000 

2,000 

Hair  bushels  . 

4 

3 

Sand,  loads  . . 

6 

6 

White  Sand,  bushels  . . 
Nails,  pounds 

2V2 

13 

13 

Masons,  days 

4 

3V2 

Laborer,  days 

3 

2 

Cartage,  day 

1 

% 

QUANTITY  OF  BRICK  REQUIRED  TO  CON- 

Superficial 

STRUCT  A BUILDING. 

Number  of  bricks  to  thickness  of 

feet  of  wall 

4 in. 

8 in. 

12  in. 

16  In. 

20  In. 

1 

7 

15 

22 

29 

37 

2 

30 

45 

60 

75 

3 

. . . 23 

45 

60 

90 

113 

4 

. . . 30 

• 60 

90 

120 

150 

5 

. . . 38 

75 

113 

150 

188 

6 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

7 

. . . 53 

105 

158 

210 

263 

8 

. . . 60 

120 

180 

240 

300 

9 

. . . 68 

135 

203 

270 

338 

10  

...  75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

20 

...  150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

30 

. ..  225 

450 

675 

900 

1,125 

40  

. ..  300 

600 

900 

1,200 

1,500 

50 

...  375 

750 

1,125 

1,500 

1,875 

60 

...  450 

900 

1,350 

1,800 

2,250 

70 

...  525 

1,050 

1,575 

2,100 

2.625 

80 

...  600 

1,200 

1,800 

2,400 

3,000 

90  

. ..  675 

1,350 

2,025 

2,700 

3,375 

100 

. ..  750 

1,500 

2,250 

3.000 

3,750 

200  

...1,500 

3,000 

4,500 

6,000 

7,500 

300  

...2.250 

4,500 

6,750 

9,000 

11,250 

400  

. . .3,000 

6,000 

9,000 

12,000 

15,000 

ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


35 


AMOUNT  OF  PAINT  REQUIRED  FOR  A GIVEN 
SURFACE. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  a rule  that  will  apply  in 
all  cases,  as  the  amount  varies  with  the  kind  and 
thickness  of  the  paint,  the  kind  of  wood  or  other  ma- 
terial to  which  it  is  applied,  the  age  of  the  surface, 
etc.  The  following  is  an  approximate  rule:  Divide 
the  number  of  square  feet  of  surface  by  200.  The 
result  will  be  th^  number  of  gallons  of  liquid  paint 
required  to  give  two  coats;  or,  divide  by  18  and 
the  result  will  be  the  number  of  pounds  of  pure 
ground  white  lead  required  to  give  three  coats. 

HOW  TO  WEIGH  A HAY-STACK. 

Measure  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  stack; 
take  height  from  the  ground  to  the  eaves,  add  to  this 
last  one-half  of  the  height  from  the  eaves  to  the  top ; 
multiply  length  by  breadth,  and  the  product  by  the 
height,  all  expressed  in  feet;  divide  the  amount  by 
27,  to  find  the  cubic  yards,  which  multiply  by  the 
number  of  pounds  supposed  to  be  in  a cubic  yard, 
viz.,  in  a stack  of  new  hay,  132  pounds  avoirdupois 
each ; if  old  hay,  154  pounds  each. 

NATURALIZATION  LAWS  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 

Declaration  of  Intention. 

Any  alien  who  is  a white  person,  or  of  African 
nativity  or  African  descent,  is  required,  if  he  desires 
to  become  naturalized,  to  file  a declaration  of  in- 
tention in  the  clerk’s  office  of  any  court  having  jur- 
isdiction over  the  place  in  which  he  lives,  and  such 
declaration  may  not  be  filed  until  the  alien  has 
reached  the  age  of  eighteen  years.  This  declaration 
must  contain  information  as  to  the  name,  age,  oc- 
cupation, time  and  place  of  arrival  in  the  United 
States,  and  must  further  show  it  is  the  declarant’s 
bona  fide  intention  to  become  a citizen  of  the  United 
States  and  to  renounce  forever  all  allegiance  and 
fidelity  to  any  foreign  prince,  potentate,  state  or 
sovereignty,  and  particularly  to  the  one  of  which  he 
may  be  at  the  time  a citizen  or  subject. 

Any  alien  who  has  filed  a declaration  of  inten- 


36 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


tion  before  September  27,  1906,  and  has  continued 
to  reside  in  the  United  States  since  such  declaration 
was  filed,  is  not  required  to  file  a new  declaration. 

Aliens  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  and  up- 
ward, who  have  been  honorably  discharged  from  ser- 
vice in  the  armies  of  the  United  States,  either  regu- 
lar or  volunteer,  are  not  required  to  make  a declar- 
ation of  intention. 

Any  alien,  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  and 
upward,  who  has  served  five  consecutive  years  in  the 
United  States  navy  or  one  enlistment  in  the  United 
States  marine  corps,  may  be  admitted  to  citizenship 
without  any  previous  declaration  of  intention. 

The  widow  and  children  who  are  under  age  at 
the  time  that  an  alien  who  has  made  his  declaration 
of  intention  has  died,  without  having  secured  a cer- 
tificate of  naturalization,  are  also  exempted  from  the 
necessity  of  filing  a declaration  of  intention. 

The  minor  children  of  alien  parents  who, 
through  misinformation  as  to  the  law  governing  the 
value  of  declaration  of  intention  as  the  stepping- 
stone  to  citizenship,  have  neglected  to  comply  fully 
with  the  naturalization  laws  will  be  required  to  pass 
through  the  same  formalities  as  are  provided  for  the 
admission  to  citizenship  of  adult  aliens  under  the  op- 
eration of  the  naturalization  laws  as  amended  by 
the  act  approved  June  25,  1910. 

Any  person  who  has  resided  in  the  United  States 
for  five  years  preceding  the  first  day  of  May,  1910, 
and  who,  because  of  misinformation  in  regard  to  his 
citizenship,  or  the  requirements  of  the  law  govern- 
ing the  naturalization  of  aliens,  has  labored  and  act- 
ed under  the  impression  that  he  was  or  could  be- 
come a citizen  and  has  in  good  faith  exercised  the 
rights  or  duties  of  a citizen  because  of  such  wrong- 
ful information  and  belief  may,  upon  proof  of  these 
facts  and  a compliance  with  the  other  requirements 
of  the  law,  be  admitted  to  citizenship  without  hav- 
ing filed  a declaration  of  intention. 

PETITIONS  FOR  NATURALIZATION. 

Not  less  than  two  years  after  an  alien  has  filed 
his  declaration  of  intention,  and  after  not  less  than 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


37 


five  years’  continuous  residence  in  the  United  States, 
he  may  file  a petition  for  citizenship  in  any  one  of 
the  courts  above  stated  which  has  jurisdiction  over 
the  place  in  which  he  resides,  provided  he  has  lived 
at  least  one  year  continuously,  immediately  prior  to 
the  filing  of  such  petition,  in  the  State  or  Territory 
in  which  such  place  is  located.  This  petition  must 
be  signed  by  the  petitioner  in  his  own  handwriting 
and  shall  give  his  full  name,  place  of  residence,  oc- 
cupation, place  of  birth  and  the  date  thereof,  the 
place  from  which  he  emigrated,  and  the  date  and 
place  of  his  arrival  in  the  United  States.  If  such 
arrival  occurred  subsequent  to  the  passage  of  the 
act  of  June  29,  1906,  he  must  secure  a certificate 
from  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  show- 
ing the  fact  of  such  arrival  and  the  date  and  place 
thereof,  and  present  such  certificate  to  the  clerk  of 
the  court  to  be  attached  to  his  petition.  If  he  is  mar- 
ried he  must  state  the  name  of  his  wife  and,  if  pos- 
sible, the  country  of  her  nativity  and  her  place  of 
residence  at  the  time  of  the  filing  of  his  petition,  and 
if  he  has  children,  the  name,  date  and  place  of  birth 
and  present  place  of  residence  of  each  living  child. 
The  petition  must  set  forth  that  he  is  not  a believer 
in  or  opposed  to  organized  government,  or  a member 
of  or  affiliated  with  any  organization  or  body  of  per- 
sons teaching  disbelief  in  or  opposition  to  organized 
government ; that  he  is  not  a polygamist  or  a believer 
in  the  practice  of  polygamy,  and  that  he  absolutely 
and  forever  renounces  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to 
any  foreign  country  of  which  he  may,  at  the  time 
of  filing  such  petition,  be  a citizen  or  subject.  This 
petition  must  be  verified  at  the  time  it  is  filed  by 
the  affidavit  of  two  credible  witnesses,  who  are  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States  and  who  shall  state  that 
they  have  known  the  petitioner  during  his  entire  res- 
idence in  the  State  in  which  the  petition  is  filed, 
which  must  be  not  less  than  one  year,  and  that  they 
have  known  him  to  be  a resident  of  the  United  States 
continuously  during  the  five  years  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  filing  of  the  petition;  that  during  such 
time  he  acted  as  a man  of  good  moral  character,  at- 
tached to  the  principles  of  the  Constitution  of  the 


38 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


United  States  and  well  disposed  to  the  good  order 
and  happiness  of  the  same.  If  a portion  of  the  five 
years  has  been  passed  by  the  petitioner  in  some  other 
State  than  that  in  which  he  resides  at  the  time  of 
filing  his  petition  the  affidavit  of  the  witnesses  may 
verify  so  much  of  the  petitioner’s  residence  as  has 
been  passed  in  the  State,  and  the  portion  of  said 
five  j’-ears’  residence  out  of  the  State  may  be  shown 
by  depositions  at  the  time  of  hearing  on  the  peti- 
tion. 

No  petition  may  be  heard  until  the  expiration  of  at 
least  ninety  days  after  it  is  filed  nor  within  thirty 
days  preceding  a general  election.  At  the  hearing 
upon  a petition,  which  shall  be  at  a date  fixed  by 
order  of  the  court,  the  witnesses  are  required  to 
again  attend  and  testify  in  open  court  so  that  the 
judge  or  judges  thereof  may  be  satisfied  that  the 
petitioner  is  qualified  and  that  he  has  complied  with 
. all  the  requirements  of  the  law. 

Any  alien  who  has  borne  a hereditary  title  or 
been  a member  of  an  order  or  nobility  must  renounce 
such  title  or  position  expressly  before  becoming  nat- 
uralized. No  alien  may  become  naturalized,  if  phy- 
sically capable,  who  does  not  speak  the  English  lan- 
guage. 

Aliens  who  are  admitted  to  citizenship  by  order 
in  open  court  will  be  required  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  and  thereafter  will  be  entitled  to  a certi- 
ficate of  naturalization. 

The  law  also  provides  as  to  those  persons,  who 
though  not  citizens  owe  permanent  allegiance  to  the 
United  States,  and  who  may  become  citizens  of  any 
State  or  organized  Territory  of  the  United  States, 
that  they  may  be  naturalized  upon  compliance  with 
all  the  requirements  of  the  law,  except  that  they 
will  not  be  called  upon  to  renounce  allegiance  to  any 
foreign  sovereignty. 

At  the  time  of  filing  his  declaration  of  inten- 
tion an  alien  is  required  to  pay  to  the  clerk  of  the 
court  a fee  of  one  dollar.  At  the  time  of  filing  a 
petition  for  naturalization  a petitioner  is  required  to 
pay  to  the  clerk  of  the  court  a fee  of  four  dollars. 
This  latter  fee  is  for  the  cost  of  recording  the  peti- 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


39 


tion  and  hearing  the  case,  as  well  as  for  the  issu- 
ance, if  the  petition  is  granted,  of  the  certificate  of 
naturalization. 

LEGAL  HOLIDAYS  IN  THE  VARIOUS  STATES. 

January  1.  New  Year’s  Day:  In  all  States  (in- 
cluding District  of  Columbia),  except  Kansas  and 
Massachusetts.  (In  Maine  a bank  holiday  only  le- 
gally). 

January  8.  Anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  New 
Orleans : In  Louisiana. 

January  19.  Lee's  Birthday:  In  Florida, 

Georgia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Virginia, 
Alabama  and  Arkansas. 

February.  Mardi-Gras : In  the  parish  of  Or- 

leans, Louisiana. 

February  12.  Georgia  Day:  In  Georgia. 

February  12.  Lincoln's  Birthday:  In  Califor- 
nia, Colorado,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Illinois,  Iowa, 
Indiana,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Montana,  Ne- 
vada, New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Dakota,  Penn- 
sylvania, South  Dakota,  Utah,  Washington,  West 
Virginia  and  Wyoming. 

February  22.  Washington's  Birthday:  In  all 
States  and  District  of  Columbia. 

February  (Third  Tuesday).  Spring  Election 
Day : In  Pennsylvania. 

March  2.  Anniversary  of  Texan  Independence : 
In  Texas. 

March  4.  Inauguration  Day:  In  District  of 

Columbia  in  years  when  a President  of  the  United 
States  is  inaugurated. 

April  12.  Halifax  Independence  Resolutions : In 

North  Carolina. 

April  13.  Thomas  Jefferson’s  Birthday.  In  Ala- 
bama. 

April  14,  1911.  Good  Friday:.  In  Alabama, 
Connecticut,  Delaware,  Florida,  Louisiana,  Mary- 
land, Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ten- 
nessee. 

April  19.  Patriots'  Day:  In  Maine  and  Mas- 
sachusetts. 


40 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


April  21.  Anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  San 
Jacinto:  In  Texas. 

April  26.  Confederate  Memorial  Day:  In  Ala- 
bama, Florida,  Georgia  and  Mississippi. 

May  10.  Confederate  Memorial  Day.  In  North 
Carolina  and  South  Carolina. 

May  (Second  Friday).  Confederate  Day:  In 

Tennessee. 

May  20.  Anniversary  of  the  Signing  of  the 
Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence : In 

North  Carolina. 

May  30.  Decoration  Day:  In  all  the  States 

(and  District  of  Columbia),  except  Florida,  Georgia, 
Louisiana,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South  Car- 
olina, Tennessee  and  Texas. 

June  3.  Jefferson  Davis’s  Birthday:  In  Flor- 
ida, Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Texas 
and  South  Carolina.  In  Louisiana  known  as  “Con- 
federate Memorial  Day.”  In  Virginia,  in  public 
schools. 

June  (Last  Thursday).  Primary  Election  Day. 
In  North  Dakota. 

July  4.  Independence  Day:  In  all  the  States, 
and  District  of  Columbia. 

July  10.  Admission  Day : In  Wyoming. 

July  24.  Pioneers’  Day:  In  Utah. 

July  (Fourth  Saturday).  Primary  Election  Day: 
In  Texas. 

August.  Primary  Election  Days:  In  Missouri. 

August  1.  Colorado  Day:  In  Colorado. 

August  16.  Bennington  Battle  Day:  In  Ver- 

mont. 

September  4,  1911.  Labor  Day:  In  all  the 
States  (and  District  of  Columbia).  In  Louisiana,  ob- 
served in  Orleans  Parish.  In  Wyoming  by  procla- 
mation of  the  Governor. 

September  Primary  Election  Day:  In  Wiscon- 
sin (first  Tuesday).  In  Michigan  and  Oregon,  even 
years. 

September  9.  Admission  Day:  In  California. 

September  12.  “Old  Defenders’  Day”:  In  Bal- 
timore, Md. 

October  12.  Columbus  Day : In  California,  Col- 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


41 


orado,  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Maryland,  Massachu- 
setts, Michigan,  Missouri,  Montana,  New  Jersey, 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island. 

October  31.  Admission  Day:  In  Nevada. 

November  1.  All  Saints^  Day.  In  Louisiana. 

November  (first  Friday).  Pioneer  Day:  In  Mon- 
tana, observed  in  public  schools. 

November.  General  Election  Day:  In  Arizona, 
California,  Colorado,  Delaware,  Florida,  Idaho  (Il- 
linois in  Chicago,  Springfield  and  East  St.  Louis 
only),  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Maine, 
Maryland,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Montana, 
Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico, 
New  York,  North  Carolina,  North  Dakota,  Ohio 
(from  5 :30  a.  m.  to  9 a.  m.  only) , Oklahoma,  Oregon, 
Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  South 
Dakota,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginia,  West  Virginia, 
Washington,  Wisconsin  and  Wyoming,  in  the  years 
when  elections  are  held  therein. 

November,  Thanksgiving  Day  (usually  the 
fourth  Thursday  in  November) : Is  observed  in  all 

the  States,  and  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  though 
in  some  States  it  is  not  a statutory  holiday. 

December  25..  Christmas  Day:  In  all  the  States, 
(except  Kansas),  and  District  of  Columbia. 

Sundays  and  Fast  Days  are  legal  holidays  in  all 
the  States  which  designate  them  as  such. 

There  are  no  statutory  holidays  in  Mississippi, 
but  by  common  consent  the  Fourth  of  July,  Thanks- 
giving and  Christmas  are  observed.  In  New  Mex- 
ico, Washington's  Birthday,  Decoration  Day,  Labor 
Day,  Flag  Day  (June  14),  and  Arbor  Day  are  holi- 
days when  so  designated  by  the  Governor.  In  South 
Carolina,  Thursday  of  Fair  Week  is  a legal  holiday. 

Arbor  Day  is  a legal  holiday  in  Arizona,  Florida, 
Maryland,  New  Mexico,  Wisconsin,  and  Wyoming, 
the  day  being  set  by  the  Governor;  in  Texas,  Feb- 
ruary 22 ; Nebraska,  April  22 ; Utah,  April  15  ; Rhode 
Island,  second  Friday  in  May;  Montana,  second 
Tuesday  in  May;  Georgia,  first  Friday  in  Decem- 
ber; Colorado  and  Maine  (school  holiday  only),  third 
Friday  in  April ; in  Oklahoma,  the  Friday  following 


42 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


the  second  Monday  in  March ; in  Arkansas,  first  Sat- 
urday in  March. 

Every  Saturday  after  12  o’clock  noon  is  a legal 
holiday  in  California  in  public  offices,  Illinois  (in 
cities  of  200,000  or  more  inhabitants),  Maryland, 
Michigan,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Rhode  Island,  Virginia,  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia (for  banking  purposes),  and  in  New  Orleans,  La., 
and  Charleston,  S.  C. ; in  Louisiana  in  all  cities  ex- 
ceeding 15,000  inhabitants,  in  Missouri  in  cities  of 
100,000  or  more  inhabitants ; in  Tennessee,  for  State 
and  county  officers,  and  in  Colorado  during  June, 
July  and  August ; in  Indiana,  first  Saturday  in  June 
to  last  Saturday  in  October,  inclusive,  for  all  public 
offices  in  counties  having  a county  seat  of  100,000 
population  or  more. 

There  is  no  national  holiday,  not  even  the 
Fourth  of  July.  Congress  has  at  various  times  ap- 
pointed special  holidays.  In  the  second  session  of  the 
Fifty-third  Congress  it  passed  an  act  making  Labor 
Day  a public  holiday  in  the  District  of  Col- 
umbia, and  it  has  recognized  the  existence  of  cer- 
tain days  as  holidays  for  commercial  purposes,  but, 
with  the  exception  named,  there  is  no  general  stat- 
ute on  the  subject.  The  proclamation  of  the  Pres- 
ident designating  a day  of  Thanksgiving  only  makes 
it  a legal  holiday  in  the  District  of  Columbia  and  the 
Territories. 

RELIGIOUS  DENOMINATIONS. 

Estimated  number  of  English-speaking  religious 
sects,  forming  communities  throughout  the  world: 


Episcopalians  29,200,000 

Methodists  of  all  descriptions 18,650,000 

Roman  Catholics  15,500,000 

Presbyterians  of  all  descriptions 12,230,000 

Baptists  of  all  descriptions  9,230,000 

Congregationalists  6,150,000 

Free  Thinkers 5,250,000 

Lutherans,  etc 2,800,000 

Unitarians  2,600,000 

Minor  religious  sects 5,500,000 

Of  no  particular  religion 17,000,000 

English  speaking  population  124,130,000 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST  43 


RELIGIOUS  STATISTICS. 

NUMBERS  IN  THE  WORLD  ACCORDING  TO 
CREED. 

Creeds.  No.  of  followers. 

1 Christianity  477,080,158 

2 Worship  of  Ancestors  and  Confu- 

cianism   256,000,000 

3 Hinduism  190,000,000 

4 Mohammedanism  176,834,372 

5 Buddhism  147,900,000 

6 Taoism  43,000,000 

7 Shintoism  14,000,000 

8 Judaism  10,186,000 

9 Polytheism  117,681,669 

CHRISTIANITY. 

Churches.  Total  followers. 

• Catholic  church  230,866,533 

Protestant  churches  143,237,625 

Orthodox  Greek  church  98,016,000 

Church  of  Abyssinia 3,000,000 

Coptic  church  120,000 

Armenian  church 1,690,000 

Nestorians  80,000 

Jacobites  70,000 


Total  477,080,158 

THE  UNITED  STATES— AREA,  POPULATION, 
INDUSTRIES,  ETC.,  CENSUS,  1910. 

Area,  square  miles  3,026,789 

Population  • 89,912,353 

Wealth  $107,104,211,917 

Wealth  Per  Capita 1,310.11 

Public  Debt,  Less  Cash  in  Treasury.  1,046,449,185 

Gold  Coined  88,776,908 

Silver  Coined 8.087,853 

Gold  in  Circulation  592,547,340 

Silver  in  Circulation  217,229,937 

Gold  Certificates  in  Circulation....  806,286,359 

Silver  Certificates  in  Circulation...  478,999,024 

U.  S.  Notes  Outstanding.... 336,185,081 

Nat.  Bank  Note?  Outstanding 684,841,975 


44 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


Miscel.  Currency  in  Circulation....  3,663,530 

Total  Circulation  of  Money 3,119,753,246 

Number  of  National  Banks 7,145 

Bank  Clearings  U.  S 158,559,487,500 

Manufacturing  establishments ....  no.  216,262 

Value  of  products dols.  14,802,147,087 

United  States  Government  receipts — ■ 

net  ordinary  dols.  669,064,780 

Customs dols.  332,785,323 

Internal  revenue dols.  285,185,830 

United  States  Government  expendi- 
tures— net  ordinary  dols.  659,662,343 

War dols.  157,004,608 

Navy  dols.  123,114,547 

Pensions  dols.  160,733,839 

Interest  on  public  debt dols.  21,342,984 

Imports  of  merchandise dols.  1,557,819,988 

Exports  of  merchandise dols.  1,710,083,988 

Imports,  silk,  raw lbs.  23,457,223 

Rubber,  crude  lbs.  101,044,681 

Tin  plates lbs.  15^,566,599 

Iron,  steel  and  manufacturers 

of dols.  38,502,457 

Domestic  exports,  iron,  steel  and  man- 
ufacturers of  dols.'  179,133,186 

Domestic  exports,  all  manufacturers 

of dols.  671,416,014 

Farm  animals;  value dols.  5,138,486,000 

Cattle no.  69,080,000 

Horses  no.  21,040,000 

Sheep  no.  57,216,000 

Mules  no.  4,123,000 

Swine no.  47,782,000 

Production  of  gold dols.  99,232,200 

Silver,  commercial  value dols.  28,010,100 

Cotton  taken  by  mills bales  4,493,028 

Domestic  cotton  exported lbs.  3,206,708,226 

Railways  operated miles  240,839 

Passengers  carried  no.  890,009,574 

Freight  carried  1 mile tons  218,381,554,802 

Passenger  cars  no.  45,292 

Freight  and  other  cars no.  2,199,065 

American  vessels  built tons  238,090 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


45 


Commercial  failures  

no. 

12,924 

Amount  of  liabilities  . . . . 

dols. 

154,603,465 

Postoffices  

60,144 

Receipts  of  P.  0.  Dept.  . . . 

dols. 

203,562,383 

Telegrams  sent 

85,712,724 

Newspapers,  etc 

22,725 

Public  schools,  salaries . . . . 

dols. 

219,780,123 

Patents  issued 

no. 

37,420 

Immigrants  arrived 

no. 

1,041,570 

THE  PUBLIC  LANDS  OF 

THE  UNITED  STATES. 

States  and  Territories. 

Alabama 

Alaska  

Arizona  

Arkansas  

California  

Colorado  

Florida  

Idaho  

Illinois  

Indiana 

Iowa  

Kansas  

Louisiana  

Michigan  

Minnesota  ........ 

Mississippi  

Missouri  

Montana 

Nebraska  

Nevada  

New  Mexico  . . . . = 
North  Dakota  .... 

Ohio  

Oklahoma  

Oregon  

South  Dakota  .... 

Utah  

Washington  

Wisconsin  

Wyoming  


Acres 

108,210 

368,014,735 

41,491,369 

512,705 

24,864,884 

21,726,192 

453,000 

24,743,804 


137,180 

88,911 

107,890 

1,563,302 

47,058 

2,510 

36,015,943 

1,879,486 

56,474,688 

36,454,692 

1,410,225 


5,007 

17,580,573 

4,562,804 

35,955,554 

3,196,059 

14,460 

34,575,159 


Total 


711,986,409 


46 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


STATES  ADMITTED  TO  THE  UNION. 


States 

1 Vermont  . . . . 

2 Kentucky  . . . 

3 Tennessee  . . . 

4 Ohio  

5 Louisiana  . . . . 

6 Indiana  

7 Mississippi  . . 

8 Illinois  

9 Alabama  . . . . 

10  Maine  

11  Missouri  . . . . 

12  Arkansas  . . . 

13  Michigan  . . . . 

14  Florida 

15  Texas 

16  Iowa  

17  Wisconsin  . . . 

18  California  . . . . 

19  Minnesota  . . . 

20  Oregon  

21  Kansas  

22  West  Virginia 

23  Nevada  

24  Nebraska  . . . . 

25  Colorado 

26  North  Dakota 

27  South  Dakota 

28  Montana  .... 

29  Washington  . . 

30  Idaho  

31  Wyoming  . . . . 

32  Utah  

33  Oklahoma  . . . . 

34  Arizona  

35  New  Mexico  . 


Admitted 

. . . .March  4,  1791 

June  1,  1792 

. . . . . .June  1,  1796 
.November  29,  1802 

April  30,  1812 

.December  11,  1816 
.December  10,  1817 
.December  3,  1818 
.December  14,  1818 
....March  15,  1820 
. . .August  10,  1821 

June  15,  1836 

. .January  26,  1837 

March  3,  1845 

.December  29,  1845 
.December  28,  1846 

May  29,  1848 

September  9,  1850 

May  11,  1858 

.February  14,  1859 
. .January  29,  1861 

June  19,  1863 

. . .October  31,  1864 
....March  1,1867 
...August  1,  1876 
.November  2,  1889 
.November  2,  1889 
.November  8,  1889 
.November  11,  1889 

July  3,  1890 

July  11,  1890 

. .January  4,  1896 
November  16,  1907 

1911 

1911 


* Date  when  admission  took  effect  is  given  from 
United  States  Census  reports.  In  many  instances 
the  act  of  admission  by  Congress  was  passed  on  a 
previous  date. 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


47 


THE  THIRTEEN  ORIGINAL  STATES. 


1 

States 

Delaware  

Ratification  of  Constitution 

2 

Pennsylvania 

December 

12, 

1787 

3 

New  Jersey 

18, 

1787 

4 

Georgia 

J anuary 

2, 

1788 

5 

Connecticut  

January 

9, 

1788 

6 

Massachusetts  

February 

6, 

1788 

7 

Maryland 

April 

28, 

1788 

8 

South  Carolina 

23, 

1788 

9 

New  Hampshire  .... 

21, 

1788 

10 

Virginia  

26,  1788 

11 

New  York 

July 

26, 

1788 

12 

North  Carolina  

November 

21, 

1789 

13 

Rhode  Island  

29, 

1790 

IMMIGRATION  INTO  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

Year  Immigrants 


1901  487,918 

1902  648,743 

1903  857,046 

1904  812,870 

1905  1,027,421 

1906  1,100,735 


Year  Immigrants 

1907  1,285,349 

1908  782,870 

1909  751,786 

1910  1,041,570 

1911  878,587 

1912  838,172 


FISHERIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


South  Atlantic  States  . . . . 

Gulf  States  

Middle  Atlantic  States  . . 
New  England  States  . . . . 

Great  Lakes  

Mississippi  River  and  Trib 
Minor  Interior  Waters  . . 

Pacific  Coast  States 

Alaska  Territory 


No.  of  Value  of 
Vessels  Products 

. 526  $ 2,839,633 

. 714  3,494,196 

.3,721  17,485,500 

.1,479  12,280,401 

. 208  2,611,439 

1,781,029 

$ 440,790 

. 183  6,278,639 

. 161  10,664,129 


Total 


6,992  $57,875,756 


48 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


PETROLEUM  AND  NATURAL  GAS  AREAS. 


State  or  Territory 

Petroleum 

Area 

Gas  Area 

Sq.  Miles 

Sq.  Miles 

Alabama  

50 

40 

Alaska  

500 

• • • • 

California  

850 

310 

Colorado  

200 

80 

Idaho  

10 



Illinois 

200 

50 

Indiana 

1,000 

2,460 

Kansas  

200 

550 

Kentucky  

400 

290 

Louisiana  

60 

110 

Michigan 

80 

40 

Missouri  

30 

70 

Montana  

40 

New  Mexico 

80 



New  York 

300 

550 

Ohio — Eastern 

115 

110 

Western 

535 

165 

Oklahoma 

400 

1,000 

Oregon 

20 

Pennsylvania 

2,000 

2,730 

South  Dakota 

80 

Tennessee  

80 

• • • • 

Texas 

400 

130 

Utah 

40 

40 

Washington  

70 

West  Virginia 

570 

1,000 

Wyoming  : 

750 

120 

Total  

8,850 

10,055 

FARMING  PACTS. 

Canada  has  a homestead  law.  Farm  lots  of  200  acres 
are  granted  to  each  head  of  a family  and  100  to  each  male 
adult,  on  condition  of  building  a log  house  16x20  feet,  cul- 
tivating 15  acres  in  every  100,  and  residing  six  months 
in  every  year  during  five  years  on  the  property. 

A farmer’s  taxes  in  Turkey  are  classified  thus:  (1) 

One-tenth  of  all  crops  and  fruits;  (2)  four  per  cent  of  the 
renting  value  of  house  and  lands;  (3)  five  per  cent  on  ev- 
ery transfer;  (4)  an  annual  cattle  tax  of  32  pence  on 
every  sheep  and  21  pence  on  every  goat.  The  taxes  are 
rigorously  collected. 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


49 


THE  ELECTORAL  VOTE. 


The  following  is  the  electoral  vote  of  the  states 
as  based  upon  the  Apportionment  Act  of  1911. 


States 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut  . . . 

Delaware 

Florida  

Georgia 

Idaho  

Illinois  

Indmna 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky  

Louisiana  

Maine 

Maryland  

Massachusetts  . 

Michigan  

Minnesota  .... 
Mississippi  .... 

Missouri  

Montana 

Nebraska  

Nevada  

New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey  . . . 
New  Mexico  . . 
New  York  .... 
North  Carolina 
North  Dakota  . 

Ohio  

Oklahoma 

Oregon  

Pennsylvania  . . 
Rhode  Island  . . 
South  Carolina 
South  Dakota  . 


Electoral  Vote 

12 

3 

9 

13 

6 

7 

3 

6 

14 

4 

29 

15 

13 

10 

13 

10 

6 

8 

18 

15 

12 

10 

18 

4 

8 

3 

4 

14 

3 

45 

12 

5 

24 

10 

5 

38 

5 

9 

5 


50 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


Tennessee  12 

Texas  20 

Utah  4 

Vermont  4 

Virginia  12 

Washington  7 

West  Virginia 8 

Wisconsin  13 

Wyoming  3 


Total  531 


Electoral  vote  necessary  to  a choice 266 


PASTURING  HOGS. 

April  is  the  time  of  the  year  to  go  over  your  old 
hog  pastures  and  sprinkle  a little  grass  seed  on  the 
bare  spots.  Then  cover  with  a light  coat  of  straw 
manure.  Clover  and  timothy  can  be  sown  any  time 
in  March  or  April.  Seeding  on  a fall  of  wet  snow 
is  very  good  as  there  is  always  sufficient  moisture 
to  insure  good  germination. 

If  you  do  not  have  plenty  of  hog  pasture  seed 
down  a strip  along  your  old  pasture  and  move  the 
fence.  Grass  makes  the  cheapest  and  healthiest 
pork.  Seed  about  four  or  five  pounds  of  clover  and 
seven  or  eight  pounds  of  timothy  to  the  acre.  This 
can  be  sown  with  oats  (better  early  oats)  or  wheat 
or  better  still  with  barley,  as  barley  is  the  first  to 
ripen  and  is  off  the  ground  earlier,  giving  the  young 
plant  a better  chance.  Grain  that  lodges  will  kill 
the  young  grass  plants. 

Seed  the  small  lots  around  the  barn,  for  two 
reasons,  you  keep  down  the  weeds  and  you  get  lots 
of  good  pasture  for  hogs. 

Care  must  be  taken  to  keep  hogs  off  this  pas- 
ture in  wet  weather  as  they  soon  ruin  a lot  when 
ground  is  soft. 


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52 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

Troy  Weight. 

24  grains 1 pwt.  12  ounces 1 pound 

20  pwts 1 ounce 

Apothecaries’  Weight. 

20  grains 1 scruple  8 drams 1 ounce 

3 scruples 1 dram  12  ounces  1 pound 

Avoirdupois  Weight. 

27  11-32  grains . . 1 dram  4 quarters 1 cwt. 

16  drams  1 ounce  2,000  pounds. . 1 short  ton 

16  ounces 1 pound  2,240  pounds . . 1 long  ton 

25  pounds 1 quarter 

Dry  Measure. 

2 pints  1 quart  4 pecks 1 bushel 

8 quarts 1 peck  36  bushels  . . .1  chaldron 

Liquid  Measure. 

4 gills 1 pint  31%  gallons 1 barrel 

2 pints 1 quart  2 barrels  ....  1 hogshead 

4 quarts 1 gallon 

Time  Measure. 

60  seconds 1 minute  24  hours 1 day 

60  minutes 1 hour  7 days  1 week 

28,  29,  30  or  31  days — 1 calendar  Month, 

(30  days — 1 month  in  computing  interest.) 

365  days 1 year  366  days  ...  .1  leap  year 

Cloth  Measure. 

2%  inches  1 nail  4 quarters 1 yard 

4 nails 1 quarter 

Circular  Measure. 

60  seconds 1 minute  30  degrees 1 sign 

60  minutes  1 degree  90  degrees  ...  1 quadrant 

4 quadrants.  .12  signs  or  360  degrees 1 circle 

Long  Measure. 

12  inches 1 foot  40  rods 1 furlong 

3 feet 1 yard  8 furlongs  . . 1 stat.  mile 

5%  yards  1 rod  3 miles 1 league 

Mariners’  Measure. 

6 feet  1 fathom  5,208  feet  ...  1 stat.  mile 

120  fath.  . .1  cable  I’g’th  6,085  feet.  . ..1  naut.  mil" 
7%  cab.  lengths..!  mile 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


53 


Square  Measure. 

144  sq.  inches.  .1  sq.  foot  40  sq.  rods 1 rood 

9 sq.  feet 1 sq.  yard  4 roods 1 acre 

30%  sq.  yards . . 1 sq.  rod  640  acres 1 sq.  mile 


Surveyors*. 


7.92  inches 1 link 

25  links 1 rod 

4 rods 1 chain 

10  square  chains — 160 
square  rods  ....  1 acre 


80  chains 1 mile 

640  acres ....  1 sq.  mile 
625  sq.  links ...  1 sq.  pole 
16  sq.  poles..  1 sq.  chain 
10  sq.  chains 1 acre 


Cubic. 


1.728  cubic  in..l  cubic  ft. 
27  cubic  ft..l  cubic  yd. 
128  cubic  ft . 1 cord  wood 
40  cub.  ft.  .1  ton  (ship*g) 


2150.42  cubic  inches. . . 

1 standard  bushel 

268.8  cubic  inches. . . . 

1 standard  gallon 

1 cubic  foot. . .4-5  bushel 


To  find  the  number  of  bushels  in  a bin  of  any 
dimensions,  find  the  number  of  cubic  feet  by  multi- 
plying the  three  dimensions  of  the  bin  in  feet;  de- 
duct 1-5,  and  the  result  is  the  number  of  bushels. 

U.  S.  Government  Land  Measure. 

A township — 36  sections  each  a mile  square. 

A section  640  acres. 

A quarter  section — Half  a mile  square,  160 
acres. 

An  eighth  section,  half  a mile  long,  north  and 
south,  and  a quarter  of  a mile  wide — 80  acres. 

A sixteenth  section,  a quarter  of  a mile  square 
— 40  acres. 

The  sections  are  all  numbered  1 to  36  com- 
mencing at  the  northeast  corner. 

The  sections  are  divided  into  quarters,  which 
are  named  by  the  cardinal  points.  The  quarters  are 
divided  in  the  same  way.  The  description  of  a 
forty-acre  lot  would  read:  The  south  half  of  the 
west  half  of  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  1 in 
township  24,  north  of  range  7 west,  or  as  the  case 
might  be;  and  sometimes  will  fall  short  and  some- 
times overrun  the  number  of  acres  it  is  supposed  to 
contain. 

NOTE — In  most  of  the  western  states,  where 
all  of  the  land  was  laid  out  by  the  government,  all  ti- 


54 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


ties,  except  in  city  lots,  are  passed  by  description 
as  under  the  government  survey,  and  there  a square 
of  six  miles  or  36  square  miles  make  one  township. 

WEATHER  BUREAU  FORECASTS  AND  STORM 
WARNINGS. 

The  Weather  Bureau  furnishes,  when  practi- 
cal, for  the  benefit  of  all  interests  dependent  upon 
weather  conditions,  the  “Forecasts”  which  are  pre- 
pared daily  at  the  central  office  in  Washington,  D. 
C.,  and  certain  designated  stations.  These  fore- 
casts are  telegraphed  to  stations  of  the  Weather 
Bureau,  railway  officials,  postmasters,  and  many 
others,  to  be  communicated  to  the  public  by  means 
of  flags,  or  steam  whistles.  The  flags  adopted  for 
this  purpose  are  five  in  number,  and  are  of  differ- 
ent forms  and  colors. 

Explanations  of  whistle  signals:  A warning 

blast  of  from  15  to  20  seconds  duration  is  sounded 
to  attract  attention.  After  this  warning  the  longer 
blasts  (of  from  four  to  six  seconds’  duration)  refer 
to  weather,  and  shorter  blasts  (from  one  to  three 
seconds’  duration)  refer  to  temperature;  those  for 
weather  are  sounded  first. 


Blasts — Indicate 

One  long Fair  Weather 

Two  long Rain  or  Snow 

Three  long Local  Rain  or  Snow 

One  short Lower  Temperature 

Two  short Higher  Temperature 

Three  short  Cold  Wave 


By  repeating  each  combination  a few  times,  with 
intervals  of  ten  seconds,  liability  to  error  in  read- 
ing the  signals  may  be  avoided.  As  far  as  practi- 
cable, the  forecast  messages  will  be  telegraphed  at 
the  expense  of  the  Weather  Bureau,  but  if  this  is 
impracticable,  they  will  be  furnished  at  the  regular 
commercial  rates  and  sent  “collect.”  In  no  case 
will  the  forecast  be  sent  to  a second  address  in  any 
place,  except  at  the  expense  of  the  applicant.  Per- 
sons desiring  to  display  the  flags  or  sound  the  whis- 
tle signals  for  the  benefit  of  the  public  should  com- 
municate with  the  Weather  Bureau  officers  in 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


55 


charge  of  the  climate  and  crop  service  of  their  re- 
spective states. 

THE  DAIRY. 

1.  Observe  and  enforce  the  utmost  cleanliness 
about  cattle,  their  attendants,  the  stable,  the  dairy, 
and  all  utensils. 

2.  A person  suffering  from  any  disease,  who 
has  been  exposed  to  a contagious  disease,  must  re- 
main away  from  the  cows  and  the  milk. 

3.  Keep  dairy  cattle  in  a room  or  building  by 
themselves.  It  is  preferable  to  have  no  cellar  below 
and  no  storage  loft  above. 

4.  Stables  should  be  well  ventilated,  lighted 
and  drained ; should  have  tight  floors  and  walls  and 
be  plainly  constructed. 

5.  Never  use  musty  or  dirty  litter. 

6.  Allow  no  strong  smelling  material  in  the 
stable  for  any  length  of  time.  Store  the  manure 
under  cover  outside  the  cow  stable  and  remove  it  to 
a distance  as  often  as  practicable. 

7.  Whitewash  the  stable  once  or  twice  a year; 
use  land  plaster  in  the  manure  gutters  daily. 

8.  Use  no  dry,  dusty  feed  just  previous  to  milk- 
ing; if  fodder  is  dusty,  sprinkle  it  before  it  is  fed. 

9.  Have  the  herd  examined  at  least  twice  a 
year  by  a skilled  veterinarian. 

10.  Do  not  move  the  cows  faster  than  a com- 
fortable walk. 

11.  Provide  water  in  abundance,  easy  of  ac- 
cess, and  always  pure,  fresh,  but  not  too  cold. 

12.  Salt  should  always  be  accessible. 

13.  Do  not  allow  any  strong  flavored  food,  like 
silage,  turnips,  cabbage  and  garlic  to  be  eaten  ex- 
cept immediately  after  milking. 

14.  Do  not  use  milk  within  twenty  days  before 
calving,  nor  for  three  to  five  days  afterwards. 

TO  IMPROVE  THE  QUALITY  AND  INCREASE 
THE  QUANTITY  OF  BUTTER. 

Heat  a quantity  of  good  Deodorized  Cooking 
(Cotton  Seed)  Oil  to  about  blood  heat,  and  just  be- 
fore beginning  to  churn,  add  to  the  milk,  using 
about  one-third  of  a teacupful  to  each  gallon  of 
milk,  and  proceed  as  usual. 


INTEREST  LAWS  AND  STATUTES  OF  LIMITATION. 


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For  the  United  States  the  totals  are:  Capital, $12, 686, 265, 673 ; number  of  wage-earners,  5,470,321; 
ages  paid,  $2,611,540,532;  value  of  products,  $14,802,147,087. 


ONE  HUNDRED  LARGEST  CITIES,  CENSUS  OF  1910 


Cities.  Population. 

New  York,  N.  Y.  . 4,766,883 

Chicago,  111 2,185,283 

Philadelphia,  Pa.  . 1,549,008 

St.  Louis,  Mo 687,029 

Boston,  Mass 670,585 

Cleveland,  Ohio  . . . 560,663 
Baltimore,  Md.  . . . 558,485 

Pittsburg,  Pa 533,905 

Detroit,  Mich 465,766 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 423,715 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  416,912 
Milwaukee,  Wis.  . 373,857 

Cincinnati,  Ohio  . . 364,463 
Newark,  N.  J.  ...  347,469 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 339,075 
Washington,  D.  C.  . 331,069 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.  . 319,198 


Minneapolis,  Minn.  301,408 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.  . 267,779 
Kansas  City,  Mo.  . 248,381 
Seattle,  Wash.  ...  237,194 
Indianapolis,  Ind.  . 233,650 
Providence,  R.  I.  . . 224,326 


Louisville,  Ky 223,928 

Rochester,  N.  Y.  . . 218,149 
St.  Paul,  Minn.  . . . 214,744 

Denver,  Colo 213,381 

Portland,  Ore 207,214 

Columbus,  Ohio  . . . 181,548 

Toledo,  Ohio  168,497 

Atlanta,  Ga 154,839 

Oakland,  Cal 150,174 

Worcester,  Mass.  . 145,986 

Syracuse,  N.  Y.  ...  137,249 
New  Haven,  Conn.  133,605 
Birmingham,  Ala.  . 132,685 
Memphis,  Tenn.  . . . 131,105 

Scranton,  Pa 129,867 

Richmond,  Va.  ...  127,628 
Paterson,  N.  J.  ...  125,600 

Omaha,  Neb 124,096 

Fall  River,  Mass.  . 119,295 

Dayton,  Ohio 116,577 


Grand  Rapids,  Mich  112,571 
Nashville,  Tenn.  . . 110,364 

Lowell,  Mass 106,294 

Cambridge,  Mass.  . 104,839 
Spokane,  Wash.  . . . 104,402 

Bridgeport,  Conn.  . 102,054 
Albany,  N.  Y 100,253 


cities.  Population. 


Hartford,  Conn 98,915 

Trenton,  N.  J 96,815 

New  Bedford,  Mass.  . 96,652 
San  Antonio,  Texas  . 96,614 

Reading,  Pa 96,071 

Camden,  N.  J 94,538 

Salt  Lake,  Utah  ....  92,777 

Dallas,  Texas 92,104 

Lynn,  Mass 89,336 

Springfield,  Mass.  . . 88,926 
Wilmington,  Del.  . . . 87,411 

Des  Moines,  la 86,368 

Lawrence,  Mass 85,892 

Tacoma,  Wash 82,972 

Kansas  City,  Kan 82,331 

Yonkers,  N.  Y 79,803 

Youngstown,  Ohio  . . 79,066 

Houston,  Texas 78,800 

Duluth,  Minn 78,466 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 77,403 

Somerville,  Mass.  . . . 77,236 
Ti^y,  N.  Y...... ....  76,813 

Utica,  N.  Y 74,419 

Elizabeth,  N.  J 73,409 

Fort  Worth,  Texas. . . 73,312 
Waterbury,  Conn.  . . . 73,141 
Schnectady,  N,  Y. . . 72,826 

Hoboken,  N.  J 70,324 

Manchester,  N.  H 70,063 

Evansville,  Ind 69,647 

Akron,  Ohio 69,067 

Norfolk,  Va 67,452 

Wilkes-Barre,  Pa.  . . . 67,105 

Peoria,  111 66,950 

Erie,  Pa 66,525 

Savannah,  Ga 65,064 

Oklahoma  City,  Okla  64,205 

Harrisburg,  Pa 64,186 

Port  Wayne,  Ind....  63,933 

Charleston,  S.  C 58,883 

Portland,  Me 58,571 

East  St.  Louis,  111 58,547 

Terre  Haute,  Ind 58,157 

Holyoke,  Mass 57,730 

Jacksonville,  Fla.  ...  57,699 

Brockton,  Mass 56,878 

Bayonne,  N.  J 55,545 

Johnstown,  Pa 55,482 

Passaic,  N.  J 54,773 

South  Bend,  Ind 53,684 


FARM  PRODUCTIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

^ Last  Census  Report. 

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1909  2,648,846,000  724,768,000  724,768,000  170,284,000  32,239,000  17,438,000 

1910  2,468,716,000  668,078,000  735,678,000  168,729,000  32,320,720  16,371,000 

1911  . . 3,125,713,000  _ 695,443,000  1,126,765,000  162,227,000  33,039,000  17,239,000 


SIMPLE  INTEREST  TABLE. 


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ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


THE  COTTON  CROP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
BY  STATES. 


North  Carolina  

1909  1910 
Bales 

660,000 

1911-1912 

Bales 

1,165,000 

South  Carolina 

1,188,000 

1,725,000 

Georgia  

1,932,000 

2,820,000 

Florida  

64,000 

95,000 

Alabama 

1,088,000 

1,730,000 

Mississippi  

1,137,000 

1,225,000 

Louisiana  

286,000 

400,000 

Texas  

2,653,000 

4,268,000 

Arkansas  

728,000 

945,000 

Tennessee  

253,000 

455,000 

All  others  

662,000 

1,215,000 

Total  crop 

10,651,000  ' 

16,043,000 

STATISTICS  OF  WOOL  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Fiscal 

Total 

Exports 
Domestic  and 

Year 

Imports 

Pounds 

Foreign 

Pounds 

1898-99  . 

76,736,209 

14,095,335 

1899-1900  

155,918,455 

7,912,557 

1900-01  . 

103,583,505 

3,790,067 

1901-02  . 

1 

166,576,966 

3,227,941 

1902-03  . 

177,137,796 

3,511,914 

1903-04  . 

173,742,834 

3,182,803 

1904-05  . 

249,135,746 

2,561,648 

1905-06  . 

201,688,668 

5,642,859 

1906-07  . 

203,847,545 

3,446,748 

1907-08  . 

125,980,524 

5,626,463 

1908-09  . 

266,409,304 

3,523,975 

1909-10  . 

263,939,584 

3,926,992 

1910-11  . 

137,647,641 

8,205,679 

1911-12  . 

193,400,713 

1,719,870 

PRICES  OP  WHEAT  (CHICAGO  MARKET). 

1904 

. J anuary  . . . 

. ..  81iA@1.22  ■ 

October 

1905 

, August  .... 

...  77%@1-24 

February 

1906 

,Aug.-Sep.  .. 

...  69i/g(S  943/4 

April 

1907 

.January  ... 

...71  @1.05iA 

October 

1908 

July 

...  841/2@1.11 

May 

1909 

, August  . . . . 

...  99%@1.60 

June 

1910 

November  ., 

. ..  90V2@1.27y2 

February 

1911 

April  

...  831/4@1.01 

January 

1912 

January  . . . 

..  933/8  @1.20 

May 

ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


63 


MEMORABLE  DATES. 

Jan,  1.  Emancipation  Proclamation  by  Lincoln, 
1863. 

Jan.  17.  Franklin  born,  1706. 

Feb.  12.  Abraham  Lincoln  born,  1809. 

Feb.  15.  Battleship  Maine  blown  up,  1898. 

Feb.  22.  George  Washington  born,  1732. 

March  5.  Boston  Massacre,  1770. 

March  15.  Andrew  Jackson  born,  1767. 

March  18.  Grover  Cleveland  born,  1837. 

April  6.  The  North  Pole  reached  by  Commander 
Robt  E.  Peary,  1909. 

April  9.  Lee  surrendered  at  Appomattox,  1865. 
April  12.  Fort  Sumpter  fired  on,  1861. 

April  12.  Henry  Clay  born,  1777. 

April  13.  Thomas  Jefferson  born,  1743. 

April  14.  Lincoln  assassinated,  1865. 

Ap.  18-19.  Earthqua*ke  and  great  conflagration  at 
San  Francisco,  1906. 

April  19.  Battle  of  Lexington  and  Concord,  1775. 
April  23.  Shakespeare  born,  1564. 

April  27.  General  U.  S.  Grant  born,  1822. 

April  30.  Washington  was  inaugurated  first  Pres- 
ident, 1789. 

May  1.  Dewey  destroyed  the  Spanish  fleet  at 
Manila,  1898.  j 

May  13.  First  English  settlement  in  America,  at 
Jamestown,  1607. 

May  20,  Mecklenburg,  N.  C.,  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, 1775. 

May  24.  Queen  Victoria  born,  1819. 

June  14.  Flag  Day  in  the  United  States. 

June  17.  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  1775. 

June  18.  Battle  of  Waterloo,  1815. 

July  2.  President  Garfield  shot,  1881. 

July  3.  Cervera’s  fleet  was  destroyed  off  Santi- 
ago, 1898. 

July  4.  Declaration  of  Independence,  1776. 

July  16.  Santiago  surrendered,  1898. 

July  21.  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  1861. 

Aug.  7.  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  born,  1742. 

Aug.  13.  Manila  surrendered  to  Americans,  1898. 
Sep.  6.  President  McKinley  shot  at  Buffalo,  1901. 


64  ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


Sep.  10.  Battle  of  Lake  Erie,  Perry’s  victory, 
1813. 

Oct.  8-11.  Great  fire  of  Chicago,  1871. 

Oct.  12.  Columbus  discovered  America,  1492. 

Nov.  9.  Great  fire  in  Boston,  1872. 

Nov.  10.  Martin  Luther  born,  1483. 

Nov.  25.  British  evacuated  New  York,  1783. 

Dec.  14.  Washington  died,  1799. 

Dec.  16.  Boston  “Tea  Party,”  1773. 

Dec.  22.  Mayflower  pilgrims  landed  at  Plymouth 
Rock,  1620. 

THE  ARMED  STRENGTH  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Countries.  Total  War  Strength. 

Germany  4,000,000 

Prance 2,100,000 

Russia 4,500,000 

Austria-Hungary 1,800,000 

Italy  525,000 

Great  Britain  800,000 

Japan  1,000,000 

Spain  500,000 

Belgium 165,000 

Netherlands 102,000 

Denmark 70,000 

Sweden 328,000 

Norway  113,000 

Portugal 120,000 

Bulgaria 350,000 

Servia  175,000 

Roumania 320,000 

Switzerland 254,000 

Turkey  725,000 

Greece 50,000 

Mexico  84,600 

China  190,000 

Brazil  53,000 

Argentina 240,000 

The  United  States  standing  army  is  as  follows: 
The  total  enlisted  strength,  staff  and  line,  is  76,911, 
exclusive  of  the  provisional  force  and  the  hospital 
corps. 

Total  commissioned  and  enlisted  organ- 
ized militia 121,580 

Reserve  militia  unorganized 15,493,125 


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POULTRY  RAISING 


LOCATION  OF  THE  POULTRY  PLANT. 

In  selecting  a site  for  your  poultry  plant  you  are  not  obliged  to 
choose  high  priced  land.  If  you  can  select  well  drained,  well  watered 
gravelly  soil  it  will  be  desirable.  If  somewhat’  wooded  it  is  also  in  its 
favor  as  shade  is  a valuable  factor  in  poultry  raising.  Choose  a plot 
sloping  south  or  southeast  if  possible.  Avoid  a clay  soil. 

Face  your  house  a little  east  of  south  if  possible  as  in  this  man- 
ner you  get  all  the  sun  possible  during  the  winter  m.onths  when  es- 
pecially needed.  This  position  will  shelter  the  front  of  the  building 
from  the  west  and  northwest  winds.  If  you  have  some  good  meadow 
land  it  will  be  of  great  value,  for  thereon  you  can  grow  clover,  or  it 
will  produce  corn  and  other  cereals.  It  has  been  found  that  clover 
can  be  made  the  base  of  profitable  feeding,  and  a poultry  farm  so 
situated  that  it  may  produce  an  abundance  of  green  food  is  well  se- 
lected. 

Before  you  start  to  build,  consider  carefully  the  question  of  drain- 
age. The  surface  water  should  run  from  the  house — not  towards  it — 
and  you  must  be  careful  that  moisture  cannot  collect  underneath  the 
house  to  seep  up  through  the  floor.  If  water  can  collect  under  the 
house,  you  cannot  well  dry  it,  even  with  ventilation  beneath.  Cess 
pools  under  the  house  will  endanger  the  health  of  the  fowls. 

BUILDINGS. 

Various  locations  may  require  different  kinds  of  buildings  and  con- 
ditions of  climate  should  be  properly  considered.  It  is  imposible  to 
state  which  exact  variety  of  house  is  the  best  for  you,  without  know- 
ing just  how  you  are  located  and  all  the  points  which  enter  into  the 
subject.  A house  should  be  selected  with  due  regard  to  its  natural 
suitability  to  the  conditions. 

The  fowl  consumes  more  oxygen  from  the  air  than  any  other 
breathing  creature  according  to  its  size.  It  has  no  sweat  glands, 
never  sweats,  and  gives  off  all  moisture  by  the  breath.  They  must 
have  plenty  of  pure,  fresh  air  in  order  for  them  to  obtain  their  natural, 
and  necessary,  amount  of  oxygen.  We  can  understand  that  moisture 
coming  from  the  breath,  directly  into  the  cooler  air,  without  having 
a chance  to  slowly  evaporate  like  it  would  in  coming  through  a coat  of 
hair  or  feathers,  will  condense  very  quickly;  therefore  there  must  be 
an  unusual  ventilation  to  carry  off  this  moisture  or  ihe  house  will 
become  damp  and,  in  cold  weather,  a hoar  frost  will  form  on  the  in- 
side walls. 


DRAINAGE. 


If  circumstances  compel  you  to  build  on  land  that  is  not  natur- 
ally dry  you  should  make  it  so  by  building  up  your  ground.  Carry 
your  foundation  walls  up  to  a height  of  eighteen  inches  or  more  if 
necessary  above  the  level  of  the  ground  and  fill  in  a foot  of  this  with 
small  stones  coarse  gravel  and  cinders  and  the  remaining  six  inches 
with  sand.  Then  slope  up  the  outside  to  the  bottom  of  the  sills  and 
you  will  have  an  artificial  drainage  that  will  turn  away  the  surface 
water  and  keep  your  floor  dry. 

SUNLIGHT. 

The  next  important  thing  is  plenty  of  sunlight.  It  not  only  makes 
the  house  cheerful  but  provides  natural  sanitation  which  tends  to  les- 
sen disease,  and  aids  in  curing  it  and  also  gives  light  for  the  fowls  in 
scratching. 

Have  about  the  right  amount  of  glass  surface  as  too  much  makes  a 
house  too  warm  in  the  day  and  too  cold  at  night.  Do  not  allow  more 
than  one  square  foot  of  glass  to  twelve  square  feet  of  floor  space 
and  see  that  the  windows  are  placed  correctly.  Set  the  windows 
high  and  up  and  down  so  they  will  allow  the  sun  to  pass  over  all  the 
floor  space,  drying  and  purifying  same. 

YARDS. 

As  you  will  have  to  plan  for  yards  when  you  are  planning  for 
buildings,  a word  about  them  will  not  be  out  of  place.  Long  and  nar- 
row yards  promote  more  exercise  than  those  wider  and  shorter.  For 
a given  number  of  square  feet,  the  long  and  narrow  yard  is  further 
around  than  the  one  nearer  square,  and  it  gives  the  fowl  more  range 
and  better  chance  to  exercise. 

It  is  an  excellent  plan  if  you  can  provide  a double  yard  for  each 
house,  as  one  set  of  yards  can  be  plowed  and  planted,  while  the  others 
are  in  use,  and  the  fowls  can  have  fresh  yards  in  rotation.  A run 
will  become  unsanitary  if  used  constantly,  no  matter  how  much  work 
may  be  expended  upon  it.  Yards  should  be  also  provided  with  shade, 
either  naturally  or  artificially,  as  it  is  an  absolute  necessity. 

HEATING  FOR  POULTRY. 

The  only  warmth  needed  in  a poultry  house  is  that  given  forth  by 
the  fowls’  bodies;  therefore  the  higher  you  build  your  house  the  colder 
it  will  be.  A low  house  is  much  easier  warmed  than  a high  one.  If 
you  will  make  it  as  low  as  you  can  and  still  give  you  room  so  that 
you  will  not  bump  your  head,  you  will  have  plenty  of  air  space  for  as 
many  fowls  as  the  floor  space  of  from  five  to  six  square  feet  per  fowl 
will  allow. 

A house  of  dimensions  15x12x6  feet  will  give  you  1,080  cubic 
feet  of  air  space,  or  36  cubic  feet  per  fowl  for  30  fowls,  a little  over 
seven  cubic  feet  per  pound — live  weight — providing  that  they  average 
five  pounds  each.  That  is  six  times  more  air  space  than  would  be 
necessary  for  horses,  cows  and  sheep,  and  the  fowls  need  it  on  ac- 
count of  the  amount  of  oxygen  they  consume. 

ROOF. 

The  cheapest  form  of  house  to  build  is  the  square  one,  and  the 
nearer  it  is  square  the  warmer  it  will  be,  but  there  is  The  valuable 
factor  of  sun  radiation  to  be  taken  into  consideration,  and  we  would 
advise  that  the  depth  of  the  house  be  not  more  than  fourteen  feet  and 
twelve  would  be  better.  The  sanitary  rays  of  the  sun  are  of  much 
more  value  than  the  slight  difference  in  temperature  and  cost. 


The  cost  of  a poultry  house  is  influenced  by  the  shape  of  its  roof. 
We  would  advise  the  single  span,  shed  roof  as  the  easiest  to  build  and 
the  most  advantageous.  It  gives  the  highest  point  at  the  front,  or 
south,  and  the  best  shelter  at  the  back.  It  sheds  all  water  at  the  back 
and  keeps  the  front  dry  and  cheery.  It  also  allows  the  arrangement 
of  the  windows  to  be  such  as  to  throw  the  sunlight  back  into  the 
house.  As  it  slopes  towards  the  north,  a tarred  paper,  or  prepared 
roofing,  will  last  much  longer  as  it  is  not  exposed  to  the  vertical  rays 
of  the  sun,  and  it  makes  the  house  much  cooler  in  summer  for  the 
same  reason.  « 

FLOOR  SPACE. 

From  5 to  6 square  feet  of  floor  sqace,  and  from  30  to  36  cubic 
feet  of  air  space,  for  each  fowl,  is  about  the  right  basis  of  measure* 
ment  in  planning  a poultry  house.  A house  15x12x7  feet  high  in  front, 
and  five  feet  high  at  the  back,  with  a single  span  roof,  will  have  180 
square  feet  of  floor  space  and  1,080  cubic  feet  of  air  space,  which  al- 
lows a flock  of  thirty  fowls  ample  accommodation. 

VENTILATION. 

Look  out  for  dampness,  as  it  is  fatal  to  profits.  The  warmer  the 
air  is  in  a house  the  more  moisture  it  will  hold  and,  when  this  comes 
in  contact  with  a cooler  surface  it  condenses  in  the  form  of  hoar  frost 
in  winter,  and  makes  the  air  soggy  and  damp  in  summer,  and  it  is 
comm.on  to  say  that  the  house  sweats.  The  remedies  for  these  con- 
ditions are,  first. 


INTERIOR  OF  HOUSE. 

Without  regard  for  the  particular  kind  of  poultry  house  that  you 
may  select,  there  are  features  that  should  be  followed  as  the  results 
of  the  experience  of  others,  and  this  experience  is  a capital  in  your 
business  which  costs  you  nothing,  which  you  cannot  afford  to  neglect. 

FLOORS. 

Have  the  floors  of  your  house  clear — that  is  have  no  fixtures  on 
the  floor  level.  Roosts,  feeding  troughs  and  drinking  founts  should 
be  on  platforms  elevated  from  the  floor,  as  it  will  be  very  much  easier 
to  keep  the  floor  clean  if  it  is  free  from  fixtures  of  all  kinds. 

ROOSTS. 

Roosts  should  be  made  of  2x3  stuff  set  edgeways  with  corners 
slightly  rounded.  Many  patent  roosts  have  oil  cup  attachments  to 
prevent  mites  from  crawling  on  the  fowls  at  night  but,  while  they  are 
excellent,  they  are  not  absolutely  necessary,  as  the  poiiltryman  can 
keep  the  houses  entirely  free  from  mites  and  other  vermin  by  using 
the  proper  exterminators  and  attending  to  them  frequently. 

DROPPING  BOARDS. 

One  of  the  greatest  necessities  is  a droppings  board  under  the 
roosts.  It  should  be  made  easily  removable  for  cleaning  and  is  one  of 
the  best  safeguards  for  sanitation  known.  The  usual  way  of  arranging 
the  roosts  is  to  have  them  close  to  the  north  wall,  and  at  about  half  the 
height  of  the  wall.  Below  the  roosts  is  the  movable  droppings  board 
and  below  the  droppings  board  are  the  nests  which  are  easily  movable 
and  set  on  the  floor.  Entrance  to  the  nests  should  face  toward  the 
rear  of  the  house,  which  will  prevent  the  fowls  from  throwing  material 
into  the  nests  while  scratching,  and  it  will  also  help  to  keep  the  nests 
dark  and  prevent  egg  eating. 


BOARD  FLOORS. 


In  laying  a board  floor,  allow  for  an  eight  inch  space  beneath  it, 
with  openings  for  ventilation  and  for  the  cat  to  get  in  and  out  to  drive 
out  rats  and  other  marauders.  Have  floor  tight  and  level. 

CEMENT  FLOORS  AND  FOUNDATIONS. 

Concrete  is  not  as  expensive  as  stone,  where  the  stone  is  laid  in 
mortar  and  pointed  up,  and  is  much  more  satisfactory.  It  is  equally 
as  rat  proof,  less  liable  to  heave  by  frost  or  moisture,  and  is  easier 
to  make. 

SELECTION  OF  BREEDS. 

This  subject  may  well  be  considered  the  foundation  to  success  or 
failure  in  the  poultry  business  and  it  should  receive  your  careful 
(bought.  You  are  going  into  the  business  for  profit,  so  do  not  be  con- 
tent with  scrub  stock  for  it  makes  a poor  investment. 

The  poultry  business  is  no  exception  to  the  rule  if  you  desire 
paying  results,  you  must  have  a foundation  for  success,  and  no  man 
can  succeed  who  builds  with  poor  stock.  It  costs  no  more  to  feed  a 
standard  fowl  than  a mongrel,  and  you  cannot  realize  high  class  results 
from  the  latter.  You  would  not  attempt  to  conduct  a dairy  without 
obtaining  the  very  best  grade  of  stock,  nor  would  you  expect  the  best 
crops  without  planting  the  best  seed  obtainable.  This  is  the  point 
on  which  many  poultrymen  fail,  so  make  it  a point  to  start  right. 
Select  the  breed  that  has  made  the  best  showing  in  your  locality;  see 
that  your  birds  are  of  guaranteed  strain,  and  from  vigorous  stock,  and 
you  will  make  no  mistake.  Care  should  be  exercised  and  investigation 
made  regarding  the  best  stock  for  the  climate  and  location,  before 
going  into  the  business  blindly  and  with  lack  of  ordinary  precaution. 

FEEDS. 

If  you  are  running  a machine,  the  quality  and  quantity  of  your 
output  must  depend  very  much  upon  three  points:  the  kind  of  ma- 

chine you  use,  the  quality  of  raw  material  which  goes  into  the  machine, 
and  the  kind  of  a man  you  have  to  run  it.  In  this  connection  the  do- 
mestic fowl  may  be  compared  to  the  machine.  The  feed  is  the  raw 
material  which  goes  into  the  machine  and  it  must  be  balanced  cor- 
rectly to  produce  eggs  or  meat — whichever  you  are  trying  to  obtain. 

PROTEIDS. 

Proteids  the  foods  which  renew  the  waste  of  the  fowl.  In  any 
animal  there  is  a continuous  process  of  waste  which  must  be  as  con- 
tinuously renewed. 

The  following  list  of  foods  are  very  high  in  proteids  and  are,  there- 
fore, called  protein  foods:  Cottonseed  Meal,  Flax  Meal,  Linseed  Meal, 

Gluten  Meal,  Brewers’  Dried  Grains,  Malt  Sprouts,  Wheat  Middlings, 
Bran,  etc. 


CARBOHYDRATES. 

These  can  be  called  tne  fuel  of  the  body,  as  they  furnish  the  heat. 
Carbohydrates  furnish  the  steam  to  warm  the  egg  factory  and  the 
strength  with  which  to  manufacture  the  proteids  into  eggs  and  new 
material.  Carbohydrates  also  produce  fat  and  make  a fowl  lazy  and 
inactive  unless  the  fowl  can  be  made  to  exercise.  Exercise  consumes 
the  carbohydrates  in  the  blood,  leaving  the  blood  rich  in  protein  to 
make  the  egg  and  to  build  up,  and  keep  up,  the  wearing  parts.  Car- 
bohydrates are  the  starchy  foods,  such  as  Corn,  Cornmeal,  Cob  Meal, 
Hominy  Meal,  Ground  Oats,  Barley,  Buckwheat,  etc. 


ANIMAL  FOODS. 


Animal  foods  are  full  of  protein  and  take  the  place  of  bugs,  worms, 
etc.,  that  the  fowl  finds  in  her  natural  season  for  laying.  They  are 
Beef  Scrap,  Pork  Scrap,  Blood  Meal,  Green  Bone,  etc. 

GREEN  FOODS. 

These  take  in  all  manner  of  fruit,  vegetables  and  growing  grasses 
and  grain.  Alfalfa  Meal,  Clover  Meal,,  and  like  the  others  help  fur- 
nish the  domestic  fowl  with*  its  properly  balanced  food  supply. 

BALANCED  RATIONS. 

A'  balanced  ration  is  one  so  made  that  it  furnishes  just  what  the 
fowl  needs.  Balanced  rations  are  selected  and  compounded  from  the 
foregoing  according  to  our  knowledge  of  what  is  required,  at  vari- 
ous seasons,  to  produce  eggs  and  meat  and  to  maintain  normal 
health  and  vigor.  We  must  take  into  consideration  that  we  demand 
vastly  more  from  the  fowl  than  nature  ever  did;  that  we  twist  the 
seasons  so  that  the  fowl  will  lay  in  winter,  and  that  we  have  to  supply 
food  to  meet  these  requirements  over  and  above  what  nature  would 
provide  when  the  fowl  was  idle.  We  are  giving  a few  formulas  for 
feeds  and,  while  they  are  excellent  in  themselves,  they  should  be  con- 
stantly changed. 

Growing  feed. — Equal  parts  wheat,  cracked  corn,  kafir  corn  and 
hulled  oats.  Use  no  oats  with  hulls  nor  barley  or  buckwheat  until 
chicks  are  at  least  three  months  old. 

Chick  feed. — Mixture  of  1 part  each,  by  weight,  of  corn,  wheat, 
hulled  oats  or  pin  head  oat  meal,  and  kaffir  corn,  cracked,  screened  and 
sized  suitable  for  chicks.  To  this  add  one  part  of  millet  seed,  half 
part  grit  (chick  size),  and  a fourth  part  charcoal  (chick  size). 

Mash  feed. — Equal  parts  by  weight  bran,  ground  oats,  corn  meal, 
or  substitute  middlings  for  oats  if  of  good  quality,  or  where  oats  with- 
out hulls  cannot  be  obtained.  Cooked  vegetables  can  also  be  used, 
steamed  alfalfa  or  clover,  for  25  per  cent  of  the  weight.  Beef  scrap 
should  constitute  12  to  15  per  cent  or,  if  blood  meal  is  used,  about 
half  of  that  amount. 

Scratching  feed. — Mixture  of  wheat,  oats,  corn  (whole  or  cracked), 
barley,  kafir  corn,  buckwheat,  and  millet  seed. 

Sunflower  seed  can  be  added.  Cut  out  buckwheat  in  summer. 

Grit,  oyster  shell  or  mortar,  charcoal,  green  cut  bone  (or  other 
animal  food)  and  pure  fresh  water,  are  the  items  which  should  never 
be  forgotten.  It  is  a wise  idea  always  to  have  su*ch  food  before  the 
fowls. 

Exercise  is  as  necessary  as  food,  and  fowls  cannot  thrive  without 
it.  See  that  they  are  made  to  work  for  their  living.  Unless  the  fowls 
have  free  range,  it  is  wise  to  feed  all  grain  by  scattering  it  in  a 
six-inch  litter  of  straw,  cut  alfalfa,  leaves,  or  anything  that  will  make 
them  work  by  scratching.  Remember  that  their  food  will  do  them  but 
little  good  if  they  are  troubled  with  lice.  Lice  will  take  away  their 
vitality,  and  their  flesh  faster  than  food  can  furnish  them.  Wetch 
out  for  lice,  and  fight  them  at  all  times  with  the  best  lice  killers 
that  you  can  procure. 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


71 


THE  DAILY 
EXPENSE  BOOK 




FOR  HOME  AND  FARM 

(ACCURATE  AND  SYSTEMATIC) 



You  Gan  Tell  at  a Glance  How  Much 
You  Spend  and  What  it  was  [Spent  for 



Put  Down  Each  Day  the  Transac- 
tions Taking  Place 




YOU  MAY  WISH  TO  REFER 
TO  THEM  LATER 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


TOTAL 

1 

1 

MISCEL’S 

be 

bo 

UJ 

3 

O 

a. 

1 

i 

B 

£ 

1 

<3 

1 

1 

1 

[Horses,  Mulesj 

1 

Cattle,  Sheepj 

t/1 

a 

o 

s 

1 

Hay  & Strawl 

i 

(- 

< 

UJ 

3= 

1 SIVO 

1 

1 

1 

Z 

C3L 

o 

o 

1 

'i 

uu 

< 

1 

1 

1 

totals  for  Month 

EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


I 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MONTH  OF 


TOTAL 

1 

1 

i 

1 

■ 1 

MISCEL’S 

1 

j 

£ 1 

fee 

uu 

~S 

o 

. CL 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

e" 

1 

I ^ 

I 

o 

1 

1 Cattle,  Sheepj 

1 

II 

tn 

o 

1 

1 

1 

lllay  & Straw] 

1 

1 1 

! 

I 

' h* 
' < 

' if 

i 

i 

j 

1 SIVO 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

sc 

1 

1 

1 

1 

! 

uu 

< 

i 

t 

1 

1 

! 

litals  for  Month 

EXPENDITURES  FOR  MONTH  OF 


96 


ITEMS  OF  INTEREST 


Recapitulation 

OF 

Receipts  and  Expenditures 


For  Year 


RECEIPTS 

EXPENDITURES 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

Sept. 

October 

Nov. 

Dec. 

TOTAL 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

Sept. 

October 

Nov. 

Dec 

TOTAL 

1 

1915 


1915 


3 0112  060931380  y 


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>Br-y«iHr"flailyJ»read?  »v'4-? 


k that  Grindstone 


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In  otter  words— "jgvfT  il  tte  so  by"  and  “pul  it 

Wjfc«sBaieJk.^3  y; 


iriH  fttd  il^ll^  bank  is  abte 
do  all  your  bankins  business. 


Oir  SAVINGS  AND  IDLE  MONEY 


!fi  3^ 

<§  6^  CITY  LOANS  FOR  BORROWERS  AND  INVESTORS 


OrCKAfWFAIGN 


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